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endings of the verb:  personal endings

462. To make the complete verbal forms, to the tense-stems in the various moods are attached the personal endings in the finite moods and other endings in the infinitives, participles, and verbal adjectives. See 366. The personal endings of the four finite moods are given below. In many forms only the μι-verbs preserve distinct endings. Some of the endings are due to analogy of others and many are still unexplained. The first person dual, when it is used, has the form of the first person plural.

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463.

primary endings of the active (ind. and subj.)

a. 1 Sing. — –μι is found only in μι-verbs.  Verbs in -ω have no ending and simply lengthen the thematic vowel (λύ^̄ω, λείπω).  The perfect has no personal ending, -α taking the place of a thematic vowel.

b. 2 Sing. — (1) -σι is found in Hom. ἐσσί thou art from the μι-verb εἰμί I am; possibly also in φῄς thou sayest. Attic εἶ thou art is derived from ἐ-σι. τίθη-ς is obscure. λύ^̄εις is probably for λῡε-σι, λῡεϊ, λῡει, to which ς has been added.  Subj. λύ^̄ῃ-ς follows the analogy of the indicative, but with long thematic vowel. τιθῇς for τιθέ-ῃς.  In the perfect -ς (not for -σι) has been added.

(2) -θα is a perfect ending, as in οἶσθα knowest for οἰδ + θα (83). From the perfect it spread to the imperfects ἦσθα wast, ἤεισθα wentst, ἔφησθα saidst, and to ᾔδησθα or ᾔδεισθα knewest.  The perfect has commonly -α-ς. οἶσθας and ἦσθας are late.

c. 3 Sing. – -τι is found in μι-verbs:  ἐσ-τί, τίθησι for τίθη-τι (Doric) by 115. λύ^̄ει is obscure, but it cannot be derived from λῡε-σι for λῡε-τι. λύ^̄ῃ, τιθῇ (for τιθέῃ) follow λύ^̄ει, but with long thematic vowel.  In the perfect, -ε with no personal ending.

464.

secondary endings of the active (ind. and opt.)

The optative usually has the endings of the secondary tenses of the indicative.

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a. 1 Sing.– -ν stands for μ (133 c), cp. ἔφερο-ν, Skt. ábhara-m.  After a consonant μ (sonant nasal, 20 b, 35 c) became α : ἔλῡσα for ἐλῡσμ̥, Epic ἦα was for ἠ(σ)α from ἠσμ̥.  In the pluperfect -η is from ε-α (467).  -ν is found in the optative when the mood suffix is -ιη-; elsewhere the optative has -μι.

b. 2 Sing. – On -σθα see 463 b (2).

c. 3 Sing.– -τ dropped (133 b) in ἔλῡε, ἐτίθη, and in the opt. λύ^̄οι, εἴη (cp. Old Lat. sied). ἔλῡσε has its -ε from the perfect (cp. οἶδε) and shows no personal ending.

d. Dual. – -την is rarely found for -τον in the 2 dual (εὑρέτην in Plato). Hom. has ἐτεύχετον as 3 dual.

e. 3 Pl. – -ν for -ντ by 133 b.  -σαν (taken from the 1 aorist) is used (1) in the imperf. and 2 aor. of μι-verbs, as ἐτίθε-σαν, ἔθε-σαν; (2) in the aor. pass. ἐλύθη-σαν, ἐφάνη-σαν (here -ν preceded by a short vowel occurs in poetry, 585 a. D.); (3) in the pluperf. ἐλελύκε-σαν; (4) in the opt. when -ιη- is the modal suffix (460). In the opt. -σαν is rare.

465.

endings of the middle (indic., subj., opt.)

a. 2 Sing. – Primary -σαι retains its σ in the perfect of all verbs (λέλυ-σαι), and in the pres. of μι-verbs (τίθε-σαι).  Elsewhere σ drops between vowels, as in λύ̄ῃ or λύ^̄ει from λύ^̄ε-σαι, λυθήσῃ or -ει, φανῇ from φανέε-σαι, τῑμᾷ from τῑμάε-σαι; subj. λύ^̄ῃ from λύη-σαι, φήνῃ from φήνη-σαι, θῇ from θήε-σαι, δῷ from δώη-σαι, ᾗ from ἕη-σαι, φιλῇ from φιλέη-σαι, δηλοῖ from δηλόῃ ̂ δηλόη-σαι.

N. 1. – The forms -ῃ and -ει are found in the present, future, and future perfect. See 628.

N. 2. – δύνᾳ and δύνῃ for δύνασαι, ἐπίστᾳ and ἐπίστῃ for ἐπίστασαι, ἐφί^̄ει for ἐφί^̄εσαι, are poetic and dialectic or late.

b. 2 Sing.– -σο stays in all plups. and in the imperf. of μι-verbs.  Elsewhere it loses its σ, as in ἐλύ̄ου from ἐλύ^̄ε-σο, ἐλύ^̄σω from ἐλύ^̄σα-σο, ἐφήνω from ἐφήνα-σο, ἐλίπου from ἐλίπε-σο, ἔθου from ἔθε-σο, ἐπρίω from ἐπρία-σο, ἐτῑμῶ from ἐτῑμάε-σο, ἐφιλοῦ from ἐφιλέε-σο.  In the optative, λύ^̄οιο, λίποιο, τιθεῖο, εἷο, λύ^̄σαιο, from λύ̄οι-σο, etc.; τῑμῷο from τῑμάοι-σο.

N. 1. – ἐδύνω or ἠδύνω and ἠπίστω are commoner than ἐδύνασο and ἠπίστασο from δύναμαι am able and ἐπίσταμαι understand.

N. 2. – After a diphthong or a long vowel in the 2 aor. indic. mid. -σο is retained, as εἷσο (ἵ^̄ημι send), ὤνησο (ὀνίνημι benefit).

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c. Dual. – The 1 pl. is used for the 1 dual except in the three poetic forms περιδώμεθον, λελείμμεθον, ὁρμώμεθον.  Hom. has -σθον for -σθην in θωρήσσεσθον.

d. 1 Pl. – In epic and dramatic poetry -μεσθα is often used for -μεθα for metrical reasons (βουλόμεσθα, ἐπιστάμεσθα).

e. 2 Pl. – On the loss of σ in σθε (ἔσταλθε), see 103.

f. 3 Pl.– After vowel stems -νται, -ντο are preserved. After stems ending in a consonant -νται, -ντο became -αται, -ατο by 35 b.  These forms were retained in prose till about 400 b. c. (e.g. τετάχαται, ἐτετάχατο).

466.

endings of the imperative

1. Active.

a. 2 Sing. – λῦε, λίπε, τίθει (for τίθε-ε) have not lost -θι. -θι is found in 2 aor. pass. φάνη-θι; in στῆ-θι and ἕστα-θι; in some 2 aorists, like γνῶ-θι, τλῆ-θι, πῖ-θι, which are μι forms though they have presents of the ω form (687). Also in ἴσ-θι be or know, ἴθι go, φάθι or φαθί say. λύθητι is for λυθηθι by 125 b.

b. -ς occurs in θές, ἕς, δός, σχές (and in the rare θίγες, πίεις).  This -ς is not derived from -θι.

c. λῦσ-ον aor. act. and λῦσ-αι aor. mid. are obscure in origin.

2. Middle.

a. 2 Sing. – -σο retains its σ in the (rare) perf. of all verbs and in the pres. of μι-verbs (λέλυσο, τίθεσο, ἵστασο).  Elsewhere σ is dropped, as in λύ̄ου from λύ^̄ε-σο, λιποῦ from λιπέ-σο, θοῦ from θέ-σο, οὗ from ἕ-σο, πρίω from πρία-σο, τῑμῶ from τῑμάε-σο.

N. – τίθου, ἵστω, δίδου are poetic or late.

3. 3 Pl. – For -ντων and -σθων we find -τωσαν and -σθωσαν in prose after Thucydides, in Euripides, and in inscriptions after 300 b. c.  Thus, λῡέτωσαν, λῡσάτωσαν, λῡέσθωσαν, λῡσάσθωσαν, λυθήτωσαν, λιπέτωσαν, λιπέσθωσαν, φηνάσθωσαν, φανήτωσαν, τῑμάσθωσαν, φιλείσθωσαν, γεγράφθωσαν, πεπείσθωσαν, τιθέτωσαν, διδότωσαν, θέτωσαν, τιθέσθωσαν, θέσθωσαν, -ἕτωσαν, -ἕσθωσαν.

N. – ἔστων for ὄντων is rare.  Attic inscriptions have (very rarely) -ντωσαν.

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endings of the pluperfect, endings in σθ

467.  Endings of the Pluperfect Active. – -η, -ης, -ει(ν) are derived from -ε(σ)α, -ε(σ)ας, -ε(σ)ε. In later Greek the endings are -ειν, -εις, -ει(ν), -ειτον, -ειτην, -ειμεν, -ειτε, and very late -εισαν.

468. The Endings -σθε, etc. – The σ of the endings -σθε, -σθω, -σθον, -σθων, -σθαι (409 N.) has no exact parallel in cognate languages, and seems to have spread in Greek from forms like τετέλεσ-θε, ἔζωσ-θε, etc., where a sigma-stem was followed by original -θε.

endings of the infinitive, participle, and verbal adjective

469. Infinitive. – The following are the endings added to the tense-stem to make the infinitive.

a. -εν : in present and 2 aorist active of ω-verbs, all futures active.  Thus, λύ^̄ειν, τῑμᾶν, λιπεῖν, λύ^̄σειν, φανεῖν from λύ^̄ε-εν, τῑμάε-εν, λιπέ-εν, λύ^̄σε-εν, φανέε-εν.

b. -αι : in 1 aor. active, as λῦσαι, παιδεῦσαι, δεῖξαι.

c. -ναι : (1) present, 2 perf. of μι-verbs, the two passive aorists, as τιθέ-ναι, ἑστάναι, λυθῆ-ναι, φανῆ-ναι; (2) perfect active, λελυκέ-ναι, and εἰδέ-ναι from εἰδ-ε (οἶδα).

N. 1. – The ending εναι appears in the 2 aor. of μι-verbs, as δοῦναι from δό-εναι, θεῖναι from θέ-εναι.

d. -σθαι : in other cases.

N. 2. – The infinitives are old cases of substantives, those in -αι being datives, the others locatives.

470. Participles. – The stem of the participle is formed by adding the following endings to the tense stem.

a. -ντ- : in all active tenses except the perfect, and in 1 and 2 aor. passive (301).

b. -οτ- : in the perfect active (for -Ϝοτ-); masc. -ώς, fem. -υῖα, neut. -ός (301 c).

c. -μενο- : in the middle, and in the passive except in the aorist.

471. Verbal Adjectives. – Most of the verbals in -τός and -τέος are formed by adding these suffixes to the verbal stem of the aorist passive (first or second). Thus, φιλητός, -τέος (ἐ-φιλή-θην); πειστός, -τέος (ἐ-πείσ-θην); τελεστός, -τέος (ἐ-τελέσ-θην); σταλτός, -τέος (ἐ-στάλ-ην); βλητός, -τέος (ἐ-βλή-θην). On the accent of compound verbals, see 425 c.

a. Some are derived from other stem forms (pres. and fut.), as φερ-τός, ί-τέον, δυνα-τός; μενετός (cp. μενέ-ω + μενῶ fut.).

472. Verbals in -τός, -τή, -τόν either (1) have the meaning of a perfect passive participle, as κρυπτός hidden, παιδευτός educated, or (2) express possibility, as νοητός thinkable, ὁρᾱτός visible. Many have either signification, but some are passive only, as ποιητός done.  See 425 c. N.

a. Usually passive in meaning are verbals from deponent verbs, as μῑμητός imitated.

b. Usually active in meaning are compounds derived from transitive active verbs; but some intransitive verbs make active verbals, as ῥυτός flowing.

c. Many are active or passive, others only active:  μεμπτός blamed, blamable, blaming, πιστός trusting in (rare), trusted, ἄπρᾱκτος doing nothing, not done, φθεγκτός sounding.

473.  Verbals in -τέος, -τέᾱ, -τέον express necessity (cp. the Lat. gerundive in -ndus), as δοτέος that must be given, παιδευτέος educandus.