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132
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explanation
of the perfect and pluperfect forms
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408.
The periphrastic third plural is used instead of the forms
derived directly from the union of the stem with the ending. |
Thus,
γεγραμμένοι
εἰσί is
used for γεγραφ-νται
which would become γεγράφαται
by 35
b, ν between
consonants passing into α.
The periphrastic form is
also used in verbs adding ς
to their stems, as τετελε-σ-μένοι
εἰσί for
τετελε-σ-νται.
Stems in ν that drop ν
in the perfect system form
their perfect and pluperfect regularly; thus, κρί̄νω
(κριν-) judge
has κέκρινται,
ἐκέκριντο. |
N.
– On the retention of -αται,
-ατο see 465
f. |
409.
Euphonic Changes. – For the euphonic changes in these
forms see 82-87,
103. |
a.
Labial Stems. – λέλειμ-μαι
is for λελειπ-μαι,
λέλειφ-θον is
for λελειπ-σθον,
λέλειφθε is
for λελειπ-σθε
(103).
In the same manner are inflected other labial stems, as τρί̄βω
(τρῑβ-) rub,
ῥί̄πτω
(ῥῑπ-) throw:
τέτρῑμ-μαι
for τετρῑβ-μαι,
τέτρῑψαι for
τετρῑβ-σαι,
etc. Stems ending in μπ
drop π
before μ,
but retain it before other
consonants. Thus, |
πεπεμπ-μαι |
becomes |
πέπεμμαι |
πεπεμπ-μεθα |
becomes |
πεπέμμεθα |
πεπεμπ-σαι |
" |
πέπεμψαι |
πεπεμπ-σθε |
" |
πέπεμφθε
(103) |
πεπεμπ-ται |
" |
πέπεμπται |
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b.
Dental Stems. – πέπεισ-ται
is for πεπειθ-ται
(83),
πέπεισ-θον
is for πεπειθθον
(83),
πέπεισθε
is for πεπειθ-(σ)θε
(83,
103).
The σ
thus produced was trans- |
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133 |
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ferred
to the first persons πέπεισμαι,
πεπείσμεθα (86,
87).
Like πέπεισμαι,
etc., are formed and
inflected ἔψευσμαι
from ψεύδω
(ψευδ-) deceive,
πέφρασμαι
from φράζω
(φραδ-) declare,
ἔσπεισμαι
(100)
from σπένδω
(σπενδ-) pour
a libation. |
c.
Palatal Stems. – πέπρᾱξαι
is for πεπρᾱγ-σαι
(97),
πέπρᾱκται
is for πεπρᾱγται
(82
a), πέπρᾱχθε
is for πεπρᾱγ-σθε
(103). Like
πέπρᾱγμαι
are inflected πλέκω
(πλεκ-) weave
πέπλεγ-μαι, ἄγω
(ἀγ-) lead
ἦγμαι,
ἀλλάττω
(ἀλλαγ-) exchange
ἤλλαγμαι, ταράττω
(ταραχ-) confuse
τετάραγμαι.
Stems in -γχ
change χ
before μ
to γ
and
drop one γ (as in
ἐλήλεγ-μαι
for ἐληλεγγ-μαι,
85 and 85
b), but keep the second palatal before other
consonants (as in ἐλήλεγξαι
for ἐληλεγχ-σαι,
97;
ἐλήλεγκ-ται
for ἐληλεγχ-ται,
82). On the reduplication see
446. |
d.
Liquid and Nasal Stems. – Stems in λ
or ρ
are
inflected like ἤγγελμαι,
as στέλλω
(στελ-, σταλ-) send
ἔσταλμαι, αἴρω
(ἀρ-) raise
ἦρμαι,
ἐγείρω
(ἐγερ-) wake
ἐγήγερμαι (446).
Stems in ν retaining the nasal are inflected like
πέφασμαι,
as σημαίνω
(σημαν-) signify
σεσήμασμαι.
(For -σμαι
see 94 a and
b.) Stems in
ν
dropping the nasal (559
a) are inflected like λέλυμαι,
as κρί̄νω
(κριν-) judge
κέκριμαι. |
e.
Vowel Stems adding σ. – Here the stem ends in a vowel
except before μ and
τ; thus,
τετέλε-σαι,
τετέλε-σθον,
τετέλε-σθε: but
τετέλε-σ-μαι,
τετελέ-σ-μεθα,
τετέλε-σ-ται. |
N.
– Since
the stem of τελέω
is properly τελεσ- (τελεσ-ι ̯ω,
624), the original
inflection
is τετελεσ-σαι,
whence τετέλε-σαι
(107);
τετέλεσ-ται;
τετελεσ-σθον,
τετελεσ-σθε,
whence τετέλεσθον,
τετέλεσθε
(103).
τετέλεσμαι
and τετελέσμεθα
are due to the analogy of the other forms. |
410.
The forms πέφανσαι,
ἐπέφανσο, and
πέφανσο are not attested.
Cp. 707 a. |
411.
The principal parts of the verbs in 406-407 are as follows: |
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ἀγγέλλω
announce
(ἀγγελ-),
ἀγγελῶ, ἤγγειλα,
ἤγγελκα, ἤγγελμαι,
ἠγγέλθην. |
persuaded,
2 perf. πέποιθα
I
trust, πέπεισμαι,
ἐπείσθην. |
γράφω
write
(γραφ-),
γράψω, ἔγραψα,
γέγραφα, γέγραμμαι,
2 aor. pass. ἐγράφην. |
πρά̄ττω
do
(πρᾱγ-),
πρά̄ξω, ἐπρᾱξα,
2 perf. πέπρᾱγα
I
have fared and I have done,
πέπρᾱγμαι,
ἐπρά̄χθην. |
ἐλέγχω
confute
(ἐλεγχ-),
ἐλέγξω, ἤλεγξα,
ἐλήλεγμαι,
ἠλέγχθην. |
τελέω
finish
(τελε-σ-),
τελῶ, ἐτέλεσα,
τετέλεκα,
τετέλεσμαι,
ἐτελέσθην. |
λείπω
leave
(λιπ-,
λειπ-, λοιπ-), λείψω,
2 perf. λέλοιπα,
λέλειμμαι,
ἐλείφθην,
2 a. ἔλιπον. |
φαίνω
show (φαν-),
φανῶ, ἔφηνα,
1 perf. πέφαγκα
I
have shown, 2 perf. πέφηνα
I
have appeared, πέφασμαι,
ἐφάνθην I
was shown, 2 aor. pass. ἐφάνην
I
appeared. |
πείθω
persuade
(πιθ-,
πειθ-, ποιθ-), πείσω,
ἔπεισα, 1
perf. πέπεικα
I
have |
πείθωrc
persuade (πιθ-, πειθ-,
ποιθ-), πείσω,
ἔπεισα, 1 perf. πέπεικα
I have |
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