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declension of participles

300. Like ἀγαθός, -ή, -όν are inflected all the participles of the middle, and the future passive participle.

301. Participles of the active voice (except the perfect, 309), and the aorist passive participle have stems in ντ.  The masculine and neuter follow the third declension, the feminine follows the first declension.

a. Most stems in οντ make the nom. sing. masc. without ς, like γέρων (243). But stems in οντ in the present and second aorist of μι-verbs (διδούς, δούς), and all stems in αντ, εντ, υντ, add ς, lose ντ (100), and lengthen the preceding vowel (-ους, -ᾱς, -εις, -ῡς, 37). In like manner the dat. pl. is formed: -οντ-σι ̂ -ουσι, etc.

N. – The stem of participles in -ων, -οντος was originally ωντ.  γέρων was orignally a participle.

b. The nominative neuter of all participles drops final τ of the stem (133).

c. The perfect active participle (stem οτ) has -ως in the masculine, -ος in the neuter. -ως and -ος are for -Ϝωτ-ς, -Ϝοτ-ς.

d. The feminine singular is made by adding ι ̯α to the stem. Thus, λύ^̄ουσα (λῡοντ-ι ̯α), οὗσα (ὀντ-ι ̯α), ἱστᾶσα (ἱσταντ-ι ̯α), τιθεῖσα (τιθεντ-ι ̯α).  The perfect adds -υ(ς)-ι ̯α, as in εἰδ-υῖα.

302. The vocative of all participles is the same as the nominative.

303. Participles in -ων, -ᾱς, -εις, -ους, -ῡς frequently use the masculine for the feminine in the dual.

304. The accent of monosyllabic participles is an exception to 252:  ὤν, ὄντος (not ὀντός), στά̄ς, στάντος.

305. Participles in -ων, -ουσα, -ον (ω-verbs):  λύ^̄ων loosing (stem λῡοντ-), ὤν being (stem ὀντ-).

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So are inflected παιδεύων educating, γράφων writing, φέρων bearing.

a. All participles in -ων are inflected like λύ̄ων, those in -ών having the accent of ὤν, ὄντος, etc.; as λιπών, λιποῦσα, λιπόν having left. Such participles are from ω-verbs, in which ο is a part of the tense suffix.

b. Like participles are declined the adjectives ἑκών, ἑκοῦσα, ἑκόν willing, ἄ̄κων, ἄ̄κουσα, ἆ̄κον unwilling (for ἀέκων, etc.), G. ἄ̄κοντος, ἀ̄κούσης, ἄ̄κοντος.

306. Participles in -ᾱς, -ᾱσα, -αν:  λύσᾱς having loosed, ἱστά^̄ς setting.

So are declined παιδεύσᾱς having educated, στήσᾱς having set.

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307. Participles in -εις, -εισα, -εν; -ους, -ουσα, -ον (μι-verbs):  τιθείς placing, διδούς giving.

So are inflected θείς having placed, παιδευθείς having been educated, λυθείς having been loosed, δούς having given.

a. In participles with stems in οντ of μι-verbs the ο belongs to the verb-stem.

308. Participles in -ῡς, -ῡσα, -υν:  δεικνύ^̄ς showing, φύ^̄ς born.

309. Perfect active participles in -ως, -υια, -ος:  λελυκώς having loosed, εἰδώς knowing.

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So are inflected πεπαιδευκώς, πεπαιδευκυῖα, πεπαιδευκός having educated; γεγονώς, γεγονυῖα, γεγονός born.

a. ἑστώς standing (contracted from ἑσταώς) is inflected ἑστώς, ἑστῶσα, ἑστός, G. ἑστῶτος (with irregular accent, from ἑσταότος), ἑστώσης, ἑστῶτος; pl. N. ἑστῶτες, ἑστῶσαι, ἑστῶτα, G. ἑστώτων, ἑστωσῶν.  So τεθνεώς, τεθνεῶσα, τεθνεός dead.

N. – ἑστός (the usual spelling in the neut. nom.) has -ός (not -ώς) in imitation of εἰδός and of forms in -κός, thus distinguishing the neuter from the masculine.

310. Contracted Participles. – The present participle of verbs in -αω, -εω, -οω, and the future participle of liquid verbs (401) and of Attic futures (538) are contracted. τῑμῶν honouring, ποιῶν making, are thus declined:

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a. The present participle of δηλῶ (δηλόω) manifest is inflected like ποιῶν:  thus, δηλῶν, δηλοῦσα, δηλοῦν, G. δηλοῦντος, δηλούσης, δηλοῦντος, etc.