[Image] [Hi-Res Image]
Page 473
473 R,ELTGfOUS ENCYCLOPEDIA Total Abstinencte Toussain (1796), Charles Bulkley (London? 1802), and S. Bourn (Birmingham, 1808); and edited with mem oir a new edition of Neal's History of the Puritans (5 vols., Bath, 1793-97). BIBLIOGRAPHY: The funeral sermons by J. Kentish and I. Worsley were published London, 1815-16. A Memoir by the former is in Monthly Repository, 1815, pp. 665 aqq. Consult further: J. R. Wreford. Sketch of the Hist. of Pres byterian. Nonconformity in Birmingham, pp. 59, 89 aqq., Birmingham, 1832; DNB, lvii. 82-83. TOULOUSE, to"luz': Important town of southern France, and seat of a number of synods. The an cient Tolosa, it was the sacred capital of the Tec tosages; was taken by the Romans 106 B.c.; was the capital of the Visigoths, 419-507; came under the power of the Franks, 507, but later regained its independence; was a county of hereditary princes, 778-1271, enjoying prosperity up to the Albigen sian wars, after which it was united to France, 1271; it came under the influence of the Inquisition, and later became notorious for intolerance, in gross con trast to its earlier attitude. Its university, founded in 1229, is, after that of Paris, the oldest in France. It is also the seat of an archbishopric. At the sug gestion of Louis, a synod was convened in Toulouse, 829, but the decrees are lost. One was held in 883 to adjust the complaint which Jews had made to Charles the Fat of being abused by clergy and laity. One in 1056, summoned by Pope Victor IL, con sisted of eighteen bishops, and passed thirteen canons forbidding simony, insisting upon the rule of celibacy, and placing the age of ordination to priests' orders at thirty, and to deacons' orders at twenty-five. The synod of 1118 was concerned with the inception of a crusade against the Moors in Spain. The synod of 1119, which Pope Calixtus II. presided over in person, reiterated the laws against simony, confirmed the right of the bishops to tithes, and in three of the ten canons teachers of false doctrine were anathematized. The synod of 1160, at which the kings of France and England, 100 bishops and abbots, and legates of Pope Alexander III. and his rival, Victor III., were present, declared Alexander pope, and pronounced excommunication upon Victor. The synod of 1219 forbade the con ferment of offices upon the Cathari (see Nz:w MnN7 cllr=nNS, IL), and forbade all work upon church festival days which were mentioned by name. The synod of 1229, in the pontificate of Gregory IX., is important. It obligated archbishops and bishops, or priests, and two or three laymen, to bind themselves by oath to search out heretics, and bring them to punishment. A heretic's house was to be destroyed. Penitent heretics were to be obliged to wear a cross on their right and left side, and might not receive an office until the pope or his legate should attest the purity of their faith. All men of fourteen years and over, and all women of twelve years and over, were to be required to deny all connection with heresy and heretics. This oath was to be repeated every two years. Laymen were also forbidden the possession of the Old and the New Testament; and the suppression of vernacular translations was especially commended. In 1590 a synod under Archbishop Francis II. of Joyeuse de clared the Tridentine decrees binding, and took up various subjects, such as relics, the consecration of
churches, oratories, and the administration of hospitals. As late as 1850 a provincial synod was held under the presidency of Archbishop d Astros, which declared against the tendencies of modern thought, indifferentism, and socialism.
BIBLTOGRAPHY: M. R. Vincent, In the Shadow of the Pyrenees, pp 211-232, New York, 1883; J. de LahondT`s, L'gglise Saint Ptienne, Toulouse, 1890; L. Ariate and L. Brand, Hist. populaire de Toulouse, ib. 1898; L. V. Delisle, La Pretendue CWbration d'un concile h Toulouse en 1160, Paris, 1902; Hefele> Conciliengeschichte, vole., iv.v. passim.
TOUSSAIN, to"son' (TOSSANUS), DANIEL: French Reformed; b. at Montb6liard (36 m. w. of Basel) July 15, 1541; d. at Heidelberg Jan. 10, - 1602. His father was Pierre Toussain (q.v.), and the son was educated at Basel and Tubingen. Returning to France he preached for six months in his native town, and went to Orleans, 1560, where, after being a teacher of Hebrew, he was ordained minister of the local Reformed church in 1561-. In 1568 he was forced to flee with other Protestants, but was soon discovered and imprisoned over two weeks. He then fled with his family to Montargis, where he was protected by the duchess of Ferrara until the king of France demanded the expulsion of all Huguenots. He now sought refuge in Sanc6rre, and, after one year, returned to Montb6liard. Here he was charged with teaching Calvinistic and Zwinglian heresies, his reply being an affirmation of his Lutheran belief. In 1571 he was recalled to Orleans, and held services in the castle Isle, a few miles away, but at the news of the massacre of St. Bartholomew's Day, he fled just in time to escape the total massacre and pillage of Isle the next day; and he was concealed by a Roman Catholic nobleman at Montargis and later by the duchess in a tower of her castle. In Nov., 1572, he was able to return to his father at Montb6liard, but Lutheran intolerance again drove him out, and he accepted a call of the French refugees at Basel. In Mar., 1573, he was appointed chaplain to the Count Palatine Frederick III. at Heidelberg, but in 1576 the Calvinistic Frederick was succeeded by his son, the Lutheran Louis VI., and the Reformed were expelled. They found a Calvinistic patron, however, in John Casimir, the brother of the count, at Neustadt, where Toussain became inspector of churches and also helped found an academy in which he was one of the teachers. After the death of Zacharias Ursinus (q.v.) he was also preacher to the refugees' church of St. Lambert. In 1583 Louis VI. died, and John Casimir became regent. Calling Toussain into his council, he expelled the Lutherans from Heidelberg, and Toussain later became professor of theology, and, in 1584, rector. As an author he was prolific, being credited with no less than thirty-three works, for a list of which and his correspondence cf. F. W. Cuno, Daniel Tossartus (Amsterdam, 1898).
Brsraoaxerar: P. Tossanus. pitm et obitus D. Toasani . . . narratio, Heidelberg, 1003; A. Miiller, Daniel Tossanus, Leben and Wirken, 2 vole., Flensburg, 1884; F. W. Limo, Daniel Tossanus, Amsterdam, 1898; J. Vienot, Hist. de to r4Jorme dons Is pays de Montbeliard, Montb6liard, 1900.
TOUSSAIN (TOSSANUS), PIERRE: French Reformer of Montb6liard, and father of the preceding;
I~ b. at St. Laurent, near Marville (145 m. e.n.e. of
