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Total Abstinence Tonssain THE NEW SCHAPP-IiERZOG 472

any cases that would not come under this prohibition? Finally, the Scriptures emphasize the principles on which the doctrine of total abstinence rests, particularly the principle of abstinence when indulging might result in harm to persons weaker than him who indulges (e.g., Rom. xiv.; I Cor. viii., x.). It is this that defines the position of the Scriptures on the subject. Particular statements may refer to local and temporary conditions, but these ethical principles are universal.

As the Scriptures, rightly understood, are thus the strongest bulwark of a true doctrine of total abstinence, so false exegesis of the Scriptures by temperance advocates, including false theories of unfermented wine, have done more than almost anything else to discredit the good cause. The full abandonment of these bad premises would strengthen the cause immeasurably.

IV. Total Abstinence and Temperance Laws: It is a mistake to think that the effort to secure the legal suppression of the liquor traffic is a later and more advanced stage of the temperance movement than the efforts for total abstinence. The leaders of the great movement attempted to restrict the use of liquors by moral suasion, but they accompanied this by demands for legislation. Lyman Beecher's Six Sermons, for example, emphatically declare that the remedy for intemperance includes " the banish ment of ardent spirits from the list of lawful arti cles of commerce," and invoke the interference of legislation to this end, as well as that of public sentiment (ed. of 1828, p. 64). As noted above, that movement led to the general passing of prohibitory laws. But no conceivable legislation can do away with the need of voluntary self-control in this mat ter. The greatest thing that restrictive laws can possibly accomplish is to facilitate correct practise by individuals. To regard total abstinence as mainly a mere incident to prohibitory law is perhaps the most fatal mistake that can be made in the tem perance propaganda. W. J. BEECHER.

BIBLIOGRAPHY: The literature on total abstinence (and temperance reform) is very large and very uneven in quality, much of it in fiction. Some of the states have graded text-books for use in the schools. The reviews have many articles on the subject, e.g., Presbyterian Quarterly, vol. i., Presbyterian Review, vola, i.-iii., North American Review, vol. exli., and Forum, vol. i. Consult further with reference to the Biblical side: E. Nott, Lectures on Biblical Temperance. With, an Introduction by T. Lewis, London, 1863; G. Duffield, The Bible Rule of Temperance; total Abstinence from all Intoxicating Drink, New York, 1868; L. G. Field, Oinos: a Discussion on the Bible Wine Question, ib. 1883; G. W. Samson, The Divine Law as to Wines, Established by the Testimony of Sages, Physicians and Legislators, new ed., Philadelphia, 1884; G. G. Brown, The Holy Bible Repudiates " Prohibition "; Compilation of all Verses containing the Words "Wine" or"Strong Drink " proving that the Scriptures commend and command the temperate Use of alcoholic Beverages, Louisville, Ky., 1910.

On the history consult: S. Couling, History of the Temperance Movement in Great Britain and Ireland, with biographical Notices of departed Worthies, London, 1862; Centennial Temperance Volume, Philadelphia, 1876; W. H. Daniels, The Temperance Reform and its Great Reformers, New York, 1878; G. F. Clark, History of the Temperance Reform in Massachusetts, 1813-83, Boston, 1888; D. Bums, Temperance History: n Consecutive Narrative of the Rise, Development and Extension of the Temperance Reform, with an Introductory Chapter, London, 1889; Cyclopedia of Temperance and Prohibition. A Reference Book of Facts. Statistics, and general Information in all Phases of the Drink Question, the Temperance Movement and

the Prohibition Agitation, New York; 1891; J. N. Steams, Temperance in all Nations. History of the Cause in all Countries of the Globe, together with the Papers, Essays, Addresses, and Discussions of the World's Temperance Society in Chicago, Ill., June, 1893, ib. 1893; A. F. Fehlandt, A Century of Drink Reform in the U. S., Cincinnati, 1904; Katherine L. Stevenson, Brief Hist. of the Woman's Christian Temperance Union, Evanston, Ill., 1907; W. F. Crafty and others, Intoxicating Drinks and Drugs in All Lands and Times: a Twentieth Century Survey of Intemperance; based on a Symposium of Testimony from one hundred Missionaries and Travelers, Washington, 1909.

For the legal aspects consult: F. A. McKenzie, Sober by Act of Parliament, New York, 1896 (compares the liquor laws of various countries); A. Shadwell, Drink, Temperance and Legislation, ib. 1902; E. A. Pratt, Licensing and Temperance in Sweden, Norway and Denmark, ib. 1907. The medical aspect is treated in: W. B. Carpenter, On the Use and Abuse of Alcoholic Liquors in Health and Disease, London, 1850; A. Gustafson, The Foundation of Death: a Study of the Drink Question, Boston, 1884; C. A. Story, Alcohol: its Nature and Effects, New York, 1874; J. S. Billings, Physiological Aspects of the Liquor Problem, Boston, 1903; T. N. Kelynaek, Drink Problem in its Medico-sociological Aspects, by Fourteen Medical Authorities, New York, 1907.

On the moral and social aides consult: E. C. Delevan,

Consideration of the Temperance Argument and History, New York, 1865; J. Parton, Will the Coming Man Drink Wine? in Atlantic Monthly, Aug., 1888; J. T. Crane, Arts of Intoxication: the Aim and Results, ib. 1870; W. Hargreaves, Our Wasted Resources; the Missing Link in the Temperance Reform, ib. 1881; R. B. Grindrod, The Nation's Vice; the Claims of Temperance upon the Christian Church, ed. by his son, London, 1884; H. W. Blair, The Temperance Movement; or, the Conflict between Man and Alcohol, 4th ed., Boston, 1888; E. J. Wheeler, Prohibition: the Principle, the Policy, and the Party, New York, 1889; J. C. Fernald, The Economics of Prohibition, ib. 1894; J. Rowntree and A. Sherwell, Temperance Problem and Social Reform, 4th ed., ib. 1899; H. C. Trumbull, Border Lines in the Field of Doubtful Practices, ib. 1899; R. Catkins, Substitutes for the Saloon, Boston, 1901; S. H. Maneval, Prohibition of Intoxicating Liquors, Canton, O., 1903; G. B. Culten, Psychology of Alcoholism, New York, 1907; A. A. Hopkins, Profit and Loss in Man, ib. 1909; H. S. Warner, Social Welfare and the Liquor Problem; A Series of Studies in the Sources of the Problem and how they relate to its Solution, Chicago, 1909. The various temperance societies are continually issuing tracts, pamphlets, and books, lists of which can be obtained on applications to the societies.

TOTEMISM. See COMPARATIVE RELIGION, VI., 1, b., § § 2 -5.

TOULMIN, JOSHUA: English Unitarian, and biographer; b. in London May 11, 1740; d. at Birmingham July 23, 1815. He studied at St. Paul's school, 1748-55 (or -56); prepared for the ministry at the independent academy supported by the Coward trust, 1756-61; was minister of the Presbyterian congregation of Colyton, Devonshire, 1761-64; of Mary Street General Baptist chapel, Taunton, 1765-1803; and colleague to John Kentish at the New Meeting, Birmingham, 104-15. He was a founder of the Western Unitarian Society, 1792. He was a voluminous writer, and is of note for his biographical and historical work. He published Sermons, principally addressed to Youth (Honiton, 1770); Dissertations on the Internal Evidences and Excellence of Christianity (London, 1785); The Practical Efficacy of 'he Unitarian Doctrine (1796); Sermons (Bath, 1810); Four Discourses on the Mature, Design, Uses, and History of the Ordinance of Baptism (London, 1811); An Historical View of the State of the Protestant Dissenters in England (Bath, 1814); the lives of Faustus Socinus (London, 1777), J. Biddle (1789), S. M. Savage