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i.e., Syria or southeastern Asia Minor; most commentators think that his home was in Antioch. Paul's taking him to Jerusalem implies that he was competent to help in pleading the cause which called them thither and Titus can hardly have been new in the faith at that time; that he was a young man is pure imagination. In II Cor. (ii. 13, vii. 6-16, viii. 23, xii. 18) Titus appears as Paul's trusted friend and fellow-worker, who reconciled the Corinthian congregation to Paul when it was estranged from him; evidently Titus possessed both tact and energy. Paul sent him back to Corinth from Macedonia to collect the contributions for Jerusalem (II Cor. viii. 6, 16-17). To these data the epistle to Titus (i. 4-5, iii. 12), if it be genuine (see TIMOTHY, § 3), adds that Titus organized the churches in Crete founded by Paul. The Acts of Paul tell, nothing that is not founded on II Tim. iv. 10, and the later Church has no independent tradition of Titus.

One can not help asking why Titus is not mentioned in the Acts and where he was between the Apostolic Council and his sudden appearance at Ephesus about six years later. Both questions are answered if he is the same as Silas or Silvanus, as assumed by some (e.g., by F. Zimmer; against the assumption, cf. JPT, 1882, 538 sqq.), and one at least if he completes the " we " of Acts xvi., xx., xxi., xxvii., xxviii. (so e.g., Krenkel). He can not be the redactor of the Acts because. of Acts xv. Possibly Titus did not belong to the number of Paul's steady companions, but like Barnabas and Apollos went his own way and chose his own fields of labor. He is not mentioned in the Acts because interest there is concentrated on Paul. So far as is known Titus was the first purely Greek missionary. He may well have carried the Gospel to Crete and to Dahnatia, perhaps to other provinces in the neighborhood of Achaia and Macedonia, and have labored in these regions after the death of Paul. Herein may be the historical kernel of the pastoral letters; probably too, it was not pure invention which transferred Timothy to Ephesus (see TIMOTHY, § 5 ).

(A. JLTLICHER.)

TITUS OF BOSTRA: Bishop of Bostra in the Hauran; d. about 370. He had a severe conflict with Emperor Julian, apparently not of his seeking. At the Synod of Antioch (363) he signed a letter to Emperor Jovian which contained a new Nicene formula of faith. According to Jerome he died under Valens. His discourses against the Manicheans, which originated doubtlessly soon after the death of Julian, treat of the barbaric and illogical character of their writings, the problem of sin and providence, the Old and New Testament, and the relation of the Manicheans to the latter. These orations manifest a rich culture, and Titus furnished the best antiManichean polemic from a literary point of view. The extant fragments from his exegetical writings show that he followed the Antiochian traditions.

(J. LL''IPOLDT.)

Epiat., 1xx_ both in Eng, tranal., in NPNF, 2 ser., iii., vi. Consult: J. Sickenberger, in TU, xxi. 1 (1901); Gallandi, Bibliotheca patrum magna, pp. 415-477, Leyden. 1877; Geillier, Auteurs aacrea, iv. 339-345; DOB, iv. 1035-30.

TO REMAIN BIBLE. See BIBLE VERSIONS, B, IV., § 9.

TOBIT: Apocryphal book. See ArocltYrxe, A, IV., 7.

TOBLER, TITUS: Authority on Palestinian geography; b. at Stein (26 m. n.e. of Zurich), Switzerland, June 25, 1806; d. in Munich Jan. 21, 1877. He studied medicine at Zurich and Vienna, and undertook for medical purposes a journey in Palestine, 1835-36; the result of which was Lustreise im Morgenland (2 pts., Zurich, 1839). Having become interested in the geographical and topographical investigations of the holy land, he made three more journeys to Palestine, the first in 1845, and as the literary results of this journey appeared, Bethlehem (St. Gall, 1849); Golgotha (1851); Die Siloahquelle and der Oelberg (1852); Denkbliitter aus Jerusalem (1853); Topographie von Jerusalem and semen Umgebungen (2 vols., Berlin, 1853-54); Beitrag zur medizinischen Topographie von Jerusalem (1855). After the second he published Planographie von Jerusalem (Goths, 1858); and Dritte Wanderung each Palaestina (1859). In 1865 he undertook his last journey to Palestine, and published Bibliographic geographica Pakestince (Leipsie, 1867); Nazareth in Palastina (Berlin, 1868); Palestince deseriptiones ex sceeulo iv., v., et vi. (St. Gall, 1869); and Deseriptiones terrce sanctce ex sceculo viii., ix., xii., et xv. (Leipsic, 1874). In 1871 he went to Munich, where he became active in the French society " Orient Latin." He was the first authority of his day on the topography of Palestine; and although some of his results have been superseded by excavations, yet he remains unexcelled as a systematic investigator in archeology and topography from the sources.

BIBLIOGRAPHY; li. J. Heim, Dr. Thus Tobler, der Paltlatinajahrer, Zurich, 1879; R. RShricht, BibLiothecG geographica Palcastino;, no. 1824, Berlin, 1890.

TODD, HENRY JOHN: Church of England; b. about 1763 (baptized at Britford, 2 m. s.e. of Salisbury, Feb. 13, 1763); d. at Settrington (18 m. n.e. of York) Dec. 24, 1845. He studied at Magdalen College, Oxford (B.A., 1784); became fellow tutor and lecturer at Hertford College, M.A., 1786; in 1785 he was ordained deacon as curate at East Lockinge, Berkshire; took priest's orders, 1787; was curate of St. John and St. Bridget, Beckermet, 1787-1803; became a minor canon in Canterbury Cathedral; was sinecure rector of Orgarswick, 1791-92; vicar of Milton, near Canterbury, 1792-1801; rector of All Hallows, Lombard St., London, 1801-10; rector of Woolwich, 1803-05; vicar of Edlesbrough, Buckinghamshire, 1805-07; rector of Coulsdon, Surrey, 1807-12; vicar of Addington 1812-20; royal chaplain in ordinary 1812-45; rector of Settrington, 1820-45; prebendary of York, 1830-45; and archdeacon at Cleveland, 1832-45. He was also keeper of manuscripts at Lambeth Palace, 1803-07, and in