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ToddTithes THE NEW SCHAFF-HERZOG
by exceptional ruling, as by appealing to laws, privileges, contract, or inveterate usage: Moreover, the clergy never tithe one another.
Methods of payment are controlled by legal provisos, custom, contracts, and the nature of tie transaction. Personal tithes are paid, as a rule, at the close of the year. In case of ani-g. Methods orals, usually the tenth head is taken, of Payment. just as it comes, nor is selection allowed. Of tithes in produce it is generally provided that so soon as the same is ready for division, the tithe-payer notifies the receiver, so that the division may be accomplished. The removal of the tithed portion devolves on the payer, although in practise the opposite custom has very generally grown up. The holders of tithes are canonically subject to various customary duties, such as that of contributing toward the building and maintenance of ecclesiastical edifices. Redemption of the tithes by means of fixed payments was usual even in medieval times; and the Curia sanctioned this custom in so far as it benefited the Church. On political and economic grounds the State promoted the repeal of tithes, though not always with due regard to the weal of the institutions which enjoyed the tithes and were partly founded thereon, as in France, some parts of Germany, and in Switzerland. Canon law views the tithes as objects collateral to things spiritual, and accordingly claims that any disputes in the matter must come before spiritual tribunals. This ruling, however, proved not to be permanently tenable against the State, and
was modified at least in part. E. SEHLIN(3. TITIUS, ti't%-us or ti'tzi-us, ARTHUR BENEDIKT WILHELM: German Protestant; b. at Sensburg (67 m. s.e. of KSnigsberg) July 28, 1864. He was educated at the universities of Konigsberg (1883 1885) and Berlin (1885-90; lie. theol., 1890), and in 1891 became privat-docent for systematic theology at Berlin. In 1895 he was appointed associate professor of systematic' theology and New-Testament exegesis in the University of Kiel, and full professor five years later. Since 1906 he has been professor of systematic theology at Giittingen, and since 1910 one of the chief editors of the Theologische.Literatur zeitung. He has written Die neutestameutliche Lehre von den Seligkeit and ihre Bedeutung fur die Gegen wart (4 parts, Freiburg,. 1895-1900); Das Ver hdltuis den Herwnworte zu den, Logia des Matthceus (Giittingen, 1897); Religion and Wissensehaft (Tizbingen, 1904); and Der Bremen Radikalismus (1908). TITTMANN, tit'miin, JOHANN AUGUST HEIN RICH: Professor in Leipsic; b. in Langensalza (10 m. n. of Goths) Aug. 1, 1773; d. in Leipsic Dec. 30, 1831. He studied in Wittenberg (M.A., 1791), where his father was professor, and from 1792 in Leipsic, where he became bachelor of theology and morning preacher at the university in 1795, at the same time beginning to deliver lectures in theology. He was made professor extraordinary in philosophy in 1796 and in 1800 was transferred to a like posi tion in the theological faculty, becoming professor primarius in 1818. A Ciceronian gift of oratory and marked ability in practical matters enabled him to render valuable services to his city and university in his various honorable and responsible positions in Church and State. His theological position was that of a rationalistic supernaturalism, which in his time passed for orthodoxy. Of his numerous publican tions the most noteworthy were a theological en cyclopedia (Leipsic,1798) ; a text-book of homiletics (1804); Pragmatische Gesehichte den Theologie and Religion in den protestautischen Kirche wkhrend den zweiten Hklfte des 18. Jahrhunderts (Breslau, 1805); Institutio symbolica ad sententidm ecclesice evangel icce (Leipsie, 1811); Ueber Supranaturalismus, Rct tionadismus, and Atheismus (1816); an edition of the symbolical books (1817) ; an edition of the New Testament (1820); and a series of programs on New-Testament synonyms (1820-29; collected into book i. 1829; book ii. ed. G. Beecher, 1832; Eng. transl., vols. iii. and xviii. of The Biblical Cabinet, Edinburgh, 1833-37). (E. Scxwnxzt.)B113LIOGRAPHY: Allgemeine %irchenzeitung, 1832, no. 9; G. W. Frank, Geschichte den protestantiaehen Theologie, iii. 394, Leipsie, 1875; ADB, xcxviii. 385.
TITULAR BISHOP. See Bisxor, TITULAR.TITUS: A prominent personage in the circle of Paul's disciples, known solely from the Pauline letters. From Gal. ii. 1-5, it appears that he was the son of heathen parents, that he was not circumcised on becoming a Christian, and that he remained uncircumcised after the Apostolic Council at Jerusalem (q.v.). It is not stated that he was converted by Paul, but such an assumption is natural; if it be true, Titus came from one of the provinces where Paul preached before the Apostolic Council,
