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1824 became a member of the Royal Society of Literature. He edited the poetical works of Milton (London, 1801); and the works of Spenser (1805); wrote the life of Brian Walton (2 vole., 1821); and of Archbishop Cranmer (2 vole., 1831); also Some Account of the Deans of Canterbury (Canterbury, 1793) ; Illustrations of the Lives and Writings of Gower and Cheater (London, 1810); A Catalogue of the Archiepiscopal Manuscripts in the Library of Lambeth Palace (1812); Original Sin, Free-Will, Grace, Regeneration, Justification, Good Works, and Universal Redemption (1818); A Vindication of our Authorized Translation and Translators of the Bible (1819); An Account of Greek Manuscripts, chiefly Biblical, of the Late Professor Carlyle (1823); A History of the College of Bonhommes, at Ashridge (1823); Of Confession and Absolution (1828); and Repertorium Theologieum (1838).

BIBLIOGRAPHY: J. Nichols, Literary Anecdotes of the 18th Century, ii. 672, iii. 192, 9 vole., London, 1812-15; idem, Illustrations of the Literary Hist. of the 18th Century, vi. 620, 681-686, vii. 54, 58-59, 8 vole., ib. 1817-58; DNB, Ivi. 428-430.

TODD, JOHN: American Congregationalist; b. at Rutland, Vt., Oct. 9, 1800; d. at Pittsfield, Mass., Aug. 24, 1873. He was graduated from Yale College, 1822; taught for a year; studied four years at Andover Theological Seminary; was pastor in Groton, Mass., 1827-33; Northampton 1833-36; of the First Congregational Church, Philadelphia, 18362; and Pittsfield, 1842-72. He was a man of national reputation, and took an active interest in educational progress. He was the author of Lectures to Children (Northampton, 1834-58), translated into various languages, printed in raised letters for the blind, and used as a school-book for the liberated slaves in Sierra Leone; the Student's Manual (1835), which had a wide circulation and large influence; and numerous stories for the young. A collected edition of his books appeared (London, 1853, new ed., 6 vole., 1882).

TOELLNER, t61'ner, JOHANN GOTTLIEB: Professor in Frankfort-on-the-Oder; b. in Charlottenburg (a suburb of Berlin) Dec. 9, 1724; d. in Frankfort-on-the-Oder Jan. 26, 1774. He entered the University of Halle in 1741, living in the household of S. J. Baumgarten (q.v.) and having the care of his library. After being tutor in Pomerania and in Berlin, in 1748 he became chaplain of Count Schwerin's regiment at Frankfort; in 1756 professor of philosophy and theology in the university, where he endeared himself to the students by the warm personal interest he took in all their affairs. His health was never robust; and an extreme devotion to work brought on a complete breakdown and led to his death at the early age of forty-nine.

After Semler and J. D: Michaelis, Tollner was the most important representative of the semirationalistic tendency in Protestant theology of the eighteenth century, theoretically founded by Wolf but practically the outcome of Hallensian Pietism, which strove to retain the supernatural character of Christianity as a divine revelation, to hold fast to the divine mission of Jesus and above all to the " beauti-

ful morality of Christianity," while it rejected the positive dogmas of the Church as untenable, indifferent, or morally worthless. He regarded creeds as a necessary evil; the Church or the papacy might set forth its system, but no one has the right to propound a system for all time and it is unreasonable and unchristian to reproach anyone for deviation from orthodoxy in merely theological matters. He makes inspiration assistance from God, but in no way extraordinary. The doctrine of the Trinity involves so much that is improbable and contradictory that one does best to disregard it. Original sin is opposed to both reason and Scripture. Of Tollner's many books, all dry and prolix, yet showing dogmatic acuteness and independence of judgment, the following are most noteworthy: Predigten (Frankfort, 1755); Das Abendmahl des Hewn gegen alle Verkchter desselben (1756); Leaden des Erlosers (1757); Ein Christ and Held oder Nachrichten von Feldmarschall Schwerin (1758); Gedanken van der wahren Lehrart in der dogmatischen Theologie (1759), which best presents his views on the controversies of his time; a translation and continuation of Turretin's church history (1759); manuals of dogmatic theology (1760), moral theology (1762), hermeneutics (1765), and pastoral theology (1767); Der thdtige Gehorsam Jesu untersucht (Breslau, 1768), and Zusdtze (Berlin, 1770), which raised much controversy because of its departure from orthodox teaching; Meine Ueberzeugungen (1769); Unterricht von symbolischen Biichern (Ziilliehau, 1769); Gottliehe Eingebung der heiligen Schrift (Mitau, 1772), important for his doctrine of inspiration (cf. also an earlier treatise, Vom Unterschied der heiligen Schrift oral des Wortes Gottes, 1767); Meine Vorsktze (1772); Yersuch eines Beweises der christlichen Religion (1772) ; Theologische UntersuchurEgen (2 vole., Riga, 17721774); Commentatio de potestate Dei legislatoria non, mere arbitraria (Frankfort, 1775). A System der dogmatischen Theologie (2 vole., Nuremberg, 1775), claiming to have been published from a manuscript of Tollner's, is thought by many not to be his work or, if so, not to present his mature views (cf. Gass, 189 sqq.). (J. A. WAGENMANNt.)

BIHLrOdHAPHY: F. C. G. Hirsehing, Historisch-littemriaches Handbueh beriihmter . . . Personen, xiv. 2, pp. 5 sqq., 17 vole., Leipsic, 1794-1815; C. W. F. Walch, Neueste Religionspeschichte, iii. 309 aqq., 9 parts, Lemgo, 1771-83· W. Gass, Geschichte der proEeslantischen Dogmatik, iv. 188 aqq., 270 sqq., Berlin, 1867; M. A. von Landerer, Neueylte Dopmengeschichte, Tiibingen, 1881; ADB, xxxviii. 427.

TOFFTEEN, OLAF ALFRED: Protestant Episcopal, orientalist; b. in the parish of Sproge; Island of Gotland, Sweden, June 26, 1863. He received his education at the higher State College of Visby, Sweden (B.A., 1885), the University of Upsala, Johns Hopkins University, and Chicago University (fellow in Semitics, 1903-05; Ph.D., 1905); served as rector of St. Angarius' Church, Minneapolis, 1892-1901; was made priest, 1893; docent in Assyriology, University of Chicago, 1906; became professor of Semitic languages and Old-Testament literature in the Western Theological Seminary, Chicago, 1906; curator of the Oriental Society of the same institution in the same year; and librarian of the Hibbard Egyptian Library of that institution