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461 RELIGIOUS ENCYCLOPEDIA Timothy ' Tisohendorf the BeracliEe of the Berlin Academy, July 25, 1850; DB, iv. 778; BB, iv. 5097. TIPPLE, ,EZRA SQUIER: Methodist Episco palian; b. at Camden, N. Y., Jan. 23, 161. He was educated at Syracuse University (A.B., 1884) and Drew Theological Seminary (1887). He then held pastorates in New York City at St. Luke's (1887 1892), Grace (1892-97), and St. James' (1897-1901), after which he was executive secretary of the Metro politan Thank-Offering Commission until 1904. He was again pastor of St. Luke's (1904-05), and was appointed to his present position of professor of practical theology in Drew Theological Seminary in 1905. He has written The Heart of Asbury's~ Journal (New York, 1904); The Minister of God (1905); Drew Sermons: First Series (1906); Drew Sermons on the Golden Texts for 1909 (1908); and Freeborn Garrettson (1910). TISCHENDORF, tish'en-d8rf, LOBEGOTT (,ENO THEUS) FRIEDRICH CONSTANTIN VON: German textual critic; b. at Langenfeld (53 m. s. of Leipsic), in the Saxon Voigtland, Jan. 18, 1815; d. at Leipsic Dec. 7, 1874. He studied theology at the University of Leipsic, 1834-38. To his theological Early professor at the university, Johann G. Career. B. Winer (q.v.), he owed the impetus to theological criticism of the fundamental text of the New Testament, in which he was aided by his thorough philological training, the founda tion of which was laid at the gymnasium of Plauen, 1829-34; and he dates his critical study of the Bible text from 1837. He was instructor in a school at Grosstadeln near Leipsic, 1838-39; and then re turned to Leipsic to qualify in the theological faculty. His essay De recensionibus goes dicunt Ni. Ti. ratione potissimum habits Scholzii appeared also as prolegomena to an edition of Novum Testamentum Grcece (Leipsie, 1841). In his work on the edition of the New Testament he came to realize the necessity for a new investigation of the Greek New-Testament manuscripts and other textual sources. Accordingly he went to Paris, Oct. 30, 1840, where, until 1843, he continued his original stud ies. He compared seven of the eight uncials, tran scribing the greater part of their contents; and by means of the Giobertine tincture he was able to read not only almost the entire codex Ephraemi Syri, also the fragments of the Old Testament, but to distin guish the original characters from those made by two later correctors. He then published an edition, Codex Ephrazmi Syni rescriptus (Leipsie, 1843-45): Three editions of the Greek New Testament were also published in Paris (1842). The so-called editio catholica always prefers the readings lying pre sumably at the basis of the Vulgate, and is printed parallel with the Vulgate. Another was the editio non catholica. The text of this was practically the same as that of the Leipsic edition of 1841, but in some places, especially the Gospels, other readings were preferred. The prolegomena were rewritten. In the mean time Tischendorf had visited Utrecht, Cambridge, Oxford, and London, where he exam ined the libraries. In Feb., 1842, he went to Rome, where he spent four months and thirteen in Italy; but in spite of his recommendations from the
most eminent sources and the personal good-will of the pope, he was allowed only six hours in which to search the Codex Vaticanus, on account of the opposition of Angelo Mai, who had himself prepared an edition. Yet he was able, in this short time, to ascertain much for its correcter determination, and later obtained also certain renderings from Mai. However, he was well compensated for his disappointment at the Vatican by obtaining rich treasures in the Angelica at Rome, and in Naples, Florence, Venice, Modena, Milan, and Turin; and it is impossible to estimate the number of manuscripts that he examined, one of which was the Codex Amiatinus in Florence. His work now extended to the New-Testament Apocrypha and Pseudepigrapha; and he completed his collection for Philo. In Apr., 1844, he entered upon an extensive journey by way of Egypt, Sinai, Palestine, the Orient, Italy, Vienna., Munich, making researches in libraries, and discovering and gathering treasures from unknown manuscripts, in Greek, Arabic, Coptic, Hebrew, Ethiopian, and other languages, many of which he brought home with him. Reise in den Orient (2 vols., Leipsic, 1845) is an account of this journey, and in Anecdote sacra et profane (1855) he tells of the acquired manuscripts. Foremost among these were the forty-three leaves of an old Greek Bible on parchment (later called the Codex Sinaiti cus), containing portions of the Old Testament, which were given to him in the Catherine Convent at the foot of Sinai. Eighty-six other leaves which he saw there, he could not obtain. He published a lithographic facsimile of the leaves which he had brought, named Codex Friderico Augustanus (1846), in honor of the king of Saxony. Soon after his return in Jan., 1845, Tischendorf was made associate professor of theology at Leipsic; and in 1859 regular professor of the same and of Biblical paleography. His literary labors are, however, of more value to theological science than his lectures. He furnished the treasures brought from European libraries, and the orient, m two lines of publications; first those works to which he afterward gave the collective name of "Library of Christian Monuments," and his editions (twenty) of the Greek New Testament. Among the former are the Monuments sacra inedita (1846; nova collectio, vols. i.-vi., ix., 1855-70), containing fragments of New-Testament manuscripts; the Evangelium Palatinum (1847); the Codex Amiatinus (only the New Testament, 1850) ; and the Codex Claramontanus (1852). The Anecdote sacra et profane (1855) may be considered as a complement of these works.
At the same time Tischendorf prepared a new edition of the Greek New Testament, the Editio Lipsiensis seconds (1849). Among all his editions, this, although antiquated after the octavo, was the epoch-making one, so far as the labor of Editio the author is concerned, and was so
Lipsiensis considered by Tischendorf's contempo- Seconds. raries. The text derived from it, with a few changes, had the most extensive circulation at the time, and of the twenty Greek New-Testament editions that appeared in Germany during his lifetime, under his name, thirteen, including this one, contain the text of the edition
