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Timothy Tischendorf THE NEW SCHAFF-HERZOG there after Nero's persecution. Domitian ban ished John to Patmos, and during John's absence Timothy openly rebuked the excesses of the Ephe sians at a heathen feast, was stoned by the mob, died on the third day (Jan. 22, under Nerva, when Peregrines was proconsul of Asia), and was bur ied on the hill " where now stands the holy church of his martyrdom." After his death John returned to Ephesus and filled the bishopric till the time of Trojan. Usener, the first editor of these Acts, dated them before 356 and, probably wrongly, thought that they were based on a veritable history of the Ephesian church. In the time when the traditions of both John and Timothy in Ephesus were current, an Ephesian may well have tried to utilize both traditions to exalt the greatness of his city. The definite data are suspicious because the pro consuls of Asia named are not known from any other source; the author of the Acts introduced them probably imitating Luke, as he did in his prologue. Actual knowledge of Timothy is not preserved except in the New Testament.,, (A. Jiil.lcai;x.)

BIBLIOGRAPHY: The chief sources are of course the Pauline epistles. For the Acta Timothei consult: R. A. Lipsius, Die Apokryphen, Apostelgeschichten, and Apostellegenden, ii. 2, pp. 372-400, Brunswick, 1884; idem, Acta Apostolorum apocrypha, vol, i., Leipsic, 1891; and cf. the ed. by H. Usener, Bonn, 1877. The principal discussions are to be found in the commentaries on the Pauline epistles, particularly the pastoral epistles; in the works on the life of Paul; and those on the history of the Apostolic Age, e.g., A. C. MeGiffert, 1897. Consult further: M. Sorof, Die Entstehung der Apostelgeschichte, Berlin, 1890; F. J. A. Hort, Judaistie Christianity, London, 1894; idem, The Christian Ecclesia, ib. 1897; E. Kautzaeh, Die Apokryphen and PseudePigraphev, des N. Ts., pp. 46, 48, 102-103, lOfl107, 110-111. Tiibingen, 1900; w. Wrede, Das litterarische Ratsel des Hebraerbriefs, Gottingen, 1908; O. Pfieiderer, Das Urchristeuthum, 2d ed., Berlin, 1902, Eng. transl., Primitive Christianity, 2 vols., New York, 1908-09; DB, iv. 767-768; EB, iv. 5074-79.

TIMOTHY, EPISTLES T0. See Paul, IL, 5; and TIMOTHY.

TINDAL, MATTHEW: English deist; b. at Beer Ferrers (5 m. n. of Plymouth), England, probably about 1653; d. in London Aug. 16, 1733. He studied at Lincoln and Exeter Colleges, Oxford (B.A., 1676; B.C.L., 1679; D.C.L., 1685; and law fellow at All Souls', 1678). Under James II. he joined the Roman Catholic Church, but returned to the Church of England, 1688. He was admitted as an advocate at Doctor's Commons, 1685. His principal work, Christianity as Old as the Creation, or the Gospel a Republication of the Lam of Nature (vol. i., London, 1730), marks the culminating point of the deist controversy. The second volume of this work was withheld by Bishop Gibson, to whom the author had intrusted the manuscript. (For a discussion of the work see DElsnz, I, § 6.) Conybeare, James Foster, Leland, and others attacked Tindal's work; and it was to it, more than to any other, that Bishop Butler's Analogy was meant to be a reply. Tindal's other works were The Rights of the Christian Church Asserted (2d ed., 1706), an attack upon High-church assumptions; A Defence of the Rights of the Christian Church, in Two Parts (1709); and some essays and pamphlets.

B.T.R7.IOGFEAPHY: E. G., Memoirs of the Life and Writings of :;.'atthew Tindall, London, 1733; The Religious, Rational

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and Moral Conduct of Matthew Tindal, ib. 1735· J. Hunt, Hzat. of Religious Thought in England, ii. 43182, ib. 1871; L. Stephen, Hist. of English Thought in the 18th Century, i.134-163, New York, 1881; DNB, lvi. 40305. The controversial literature called out by his works is well sumniarized in the British Museum Catalogue under his name.

TINGLEY, KATHERINE: Theosophist; b. at Newburyport, Mass., July 6, 1852. She was educated privately, and, becoming interested in theosophy, made in its interest two tours of the world in 1896-97 and 1904. In 1897 she established the International Brotherhood League, and among the many homes and educational institutions founded by her are the School of Antiquity and the Raja Yoga Academy at Point Loma and San Diego. Since 1898 she has been the official head of the Universal Brotherhood and Theosophical Society throughout the world, as well as the " outer head " of the Inner School of Theosophy (see TAE080FHY). Besides editing the Century Path, the organ of her branch of the theosophical society, she has written Mysteries of the Heart Doctrine (2d ed., Point Loma, Cal., 1903) and Pith and Marrow of Some Sacred Writings (1905).

TIPHSAH, tif'sa: 1. A proper name found in I Kings iv. 24 (Heb. text, v. 4), indicating with Gaza (A. Y., " Azzah ") the boundaries of the district (properly the Persian province) called in certain Assyrian documents and in Persian times after Darius I. " Beyond the River " (Heb. `ether hannahar; Ezra viii. 36; Neh. ii. 7, 9, iii. 7; I Kings v. 4). As Gaza evidently marks the southwest limit, Tiphsah is to be sought in the northeast and (cf. 1 Kings iv. 21 w. 1]; II Chron. ix. 26) on the Euphrates. It was doubtless the classical Thapsacus (Xenophon, Anabasis, L, iv. 11; Arrian, Anabasis, ii. 13, iii. 7; Strabo, ii. 79-80, xvi. 741; cf. C. Ritter, Erdkunde, x. 11 sqq., 1114-15, Berlin, 1843; M. Hartmann in ZDPY, xxii.,1899, p. 137), which was an important center of trade and intercourse in Persian times and has been identified with the village of Dibsah on the Euphrates two and cue quarter hours below Balis (cf. Mordtmann in Petermanns Mittheilungen, 1865, pp. 54-55; B. Moritz in Abhandlungen der Berliner Akademie, 1880, Anhang, p. 31; J. P. Peters, Nipper, i. 96-99, New York, 1897). Extensive ruins of the ancient city lie about one quarter of an hour from the modern village. The common derivation from the Hebrew pasah., giving the meaning " ferry " or " ford," does not fit well with the meaning of pasah (" to leap "), and Lagarde's suggestion (Uebersicht fiber die im aramdischen, arabischen, and hebraischen iibliche Bildung der Nomina, p. 131, Gottingen, 1889) of the Assyrian tapshahu, " resting-place," is better. The passage in I Kings iv. 24 (v. 4), which gives to Solomon's realm a fabulous extent, is late; the words " from Tiphsah even to Gaza " seem not to have been in the original Septuagint text.

2. A town named in II Kings xv. 16. From the reading of the Lucianic Septuagint-text (Taphoe), the " Tappuah " of Josh. xvii. 7-8 is probably meant, situated on the boundary between Ephraim and Manasseh; cf. the commentaries. (H. GUTHE.)

Brsrroaawrar: J. P. Peters, in The Nation, May 23, 1889; idem, Nipper, i. 96 sqq., New York, 1897; B. Moritz, in