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graduated from the St. Petersburg Theological Academy, and was immediately appointed professor in the seminary at Cholm. In 1897 he was consecrated bishop of Lublin, assistant to the bishop of Warsaw; was transferred to San Francisco ·as bishop of Alaska and the Aleutian Islands, 1899; became the presiding bishop of the Russian church in America, 1904, when that year the number of bishops of the Russian church in America increased to three, and in 1905 was elevated to be archbishop of North America with his see at New York. His relations with the Episcopalians were friendly till the ordination to the priesthood of the Russian church of a deposed Episcopalian minister. In 1905 Archbishop Tikhon introduced a new departure, in holding at the New York cathedral the Sunday evening service in English. He was succeeded in 1907 by Dr. Platon as archbishop of North America.

A. A. STAMOULI.

TIL, SALOMON VAN: Dutch preacher and professor; b. at Weesp (8 m. s.e. of Amsterdam) Dec. 26, 1643; d. in Leyden Oct. 31, 1713. He studied theology in Utrecht and under the influence of Frans Burman (q.v.) became a moderate adherent of Cocceianism. Later he studied at Leyden under Cocceius, who soon entertained great hopes of the promising disciple. In 1666 Van Til became preacher in Huisduinen, in 1676 in De Rijp, in 1682 in Medemblik, and in 1683 in Dort, where he more than fulfilled the high expectations caused by his faithful service in smaller places. In 1684 he was appointed professor of sacred history and languages, retaining his office as preacher, and in 1685 professor of theology. In 1702 he went to Leyden as professor of theology. Here his lectures on the prophets, on Cocceius' De fcedere, and on homiletics were heard by crowds of students, who welcomed him as a teacher and loved him as a personal friend.

In philosophy Til was a Cartesian and he recognized the right of reason even in the domain of theology. This led him to distinguish between natural and revealed theology (cf. his Theologise utriusque, cum naturalis tum revelatse, compendium, Leyden, 1704). He had a good knowledge of oriental languages and used it especially in studies of the Old-Testament prophets, publishing a commentary on the song of Moses and the prophecy of Habakkuk (Leyden, 1700), Malachias illustratus (1701), and Commentaria analytica in varios libros propheticos (3 vole., 1744), in which he proved himself more than mere exegete or federal theologian. Other exegetical works treated of the Psalms (4 books in Dutch, Dort, 1693, 1696, 1699), the Gospel of Matthew (Dort, 1683), the Epistles to the Romans and Philippians (Haarlem, 1721), and I Corinthians, Ephesians, Philemon, and Colossians (Amsterdam, 1726). An archeological treatise on the tabernacle (Dort, 1714) belongs in the same class of works. A series of apologetic lectures delivered in Dort was published under the title Het Yoorhof der Heidenen voor alle ongeloovigen geopent enz (Dort, 1694; continued 1696), and two collections of sermons (Dutch, Leyden, 1714; Latin, Utrecht, 1714) preserve specimens of his preaching, which was considered masterly in his time. A Methodxcs concionandi

131BLIOGRAPHY: A Vila. by A. van de Wall is prefixed to Til's commentary on the Tabernacle, Amsterdam, 1714. Consult further: G. D. J. Schotel, Kerkelyk Dordrecht, ii, 150, Utrecht, 1845; B. Glasius. Godpeteerd Nederland, iii. 431-437, Bois-le-Duc, 1856; C,. Sepp, Het godgeteerd Onderwija in Nederland, vol. ii. passim, Leyden, 1874.

TILLEMONT, til"men', LOUIS SEBASTIEN LE NAIN DE: French Roman Catholic church historian; b. of noble family in Paris Nov. 30, 1637; d. at his estate, Tillemont, near Paris (between Vincennea and Montreuil) Jan. 10, 1698. His family name was Le Nain, but he called himself Tillemont after his estate and is commonly so known. He was educated in the school of Port Royal and throughout his life shared the views and fortunes of the Port Royal Jansenists. He first took orders in 1676. Historical studies were always his chief delight and he furnished material, notes, and even entire chapters for historical works by his friends, including biographies for editions of several of the Church Fathers. Not until the fifty-third year of his life did he publish (anonymously) the first volume of his first great work, Histaire des empereurs et des autres princes qui out regne durant les six premiers siecles de l'eglise, des persecutions qu'ils out faites contre les Chretiens, de leer guerres contre les Juifs, des ecrivaius profanes et des persounes illustres de leur temps (Paris, 1690). Three more volumes followed during the author's lifetime and the fifth and sixth after his death (1701, 1738), bringing the history down to Anastasius I. in the beginning of the sixth century. This work was intended as part of another which is Tillemont's greatest achievement, the Memoires pour servir d L'histoire ecclesiastique des six premiers siecles justifies par les citations des nuteurs originaux; avec une chronologie et des notes. The first three volumes appeared (Paris, 1693 sqq.) during Tillemont's life; thirteen more were published from his manuscripts after his death (16981712; Eng. transl. by T. Deacon, Ecclesiastical Memoirs of the First Six Centuries, 2 vols., London, 1733-35; The History of the Arinus and of the Council of Nice, translated from Tillemont's Memoirs, 2 vols., London, 1721), extending to the year 513. A Vie de Saint Louis, roi de France, was published from Tillemont's manuscript preserved in the Royal Library by J. de Gaulle in six volumes at Paris, 1847-51. Tillemont's church history was the first to be produced in France with faithful reference directly to the sources. It consists for the most part of a chronological arrangement of citations from ancient writers without critical examination. Tillemont's remarks are included in parentheses, and such investigations as he made into difficult questions are added in notes. The method of presentation is dry, but such a collection of the older sources was of great use in its time for the study of church history, and while Tillemont's criticism does not