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489 RELIGIOUS ENCYCLOPEDIA Tiohonius Tikhon Jan. 11, 1902. He received his education at the Remonstrants' Seminary and the Athenaeum Illus tre at Amsterdam; became Remonstrant pastor at Moordrecht, 1853; and at Rotterdam, 1856; pro fessor at the Remonstrants' Seminary, 1873, which was moved in that year to Leyden, dealing with practical theology, homiletics, and history of the Remonstrant Church. The classes were small and he had abundant leisure for study. From the be ginning he displayed a remarkable literary activity. His pastoral work earned for him a reputation as a brilliant and eloquent preacher, and to this was added the impression made by his dignified but gracious personal bearing. But his type was rather intellectual than emotional; he avoided easily the ecclesiastical dissensions of his times. He was the venerated leader of the Remonstranta of his day, the number of whom was greatly increased by the ecclesiastical measures in the great Dutch Re formed Church. His chosen field was the science of religions, in which he gained high repute at home and abroad, a repute deserved by the pioneer work which he did. Much of his work was path-breaking. The national " University Act " (1877) gave him an opportunity to express his belief as to the place in the curriculum of the science of theology, and while the results were only a partial embodiment of his ideas, the total effect was the establishment at Amsterdam and Leyden of chairs in this branch; that at Leyden naturally and rightly went to him. He had long be fore begun work in his De Godsdienst van Zarathustra van haar onstaan in Baktrie tot den. val van het Oud Perzische Rijk (Haarlem, 1864), continued in Ver gelijkende Geschiedenis van de Egyptische en Meso potamische Godsdiensten (Amsterdam, 1872; Eng. transl., Comparative History of the Egyptian and Mesopotamian Religions, London, 1882). This was intended as the first part of a work Vergelijkende Geschiedenis der oude Godsdienstert, of which the second part came out only in 1891-1902. In 1876 appeared Geschiedenis van, den Godsdienst tot can de heerschappij der Wereldyodsdiensten, in which he characterized the religions of antiquity. This was translated into most of the continental languages (Erg. transl., Outlines of the History of Religion to the Spread of the Universal Religions, London, 1877). In 1886 he issued a " History of Babylonia and Assyria, " in two volumes. Between 1891 and 1902 appeared Geschiedenis van den Godsdienst . . . tot op Alexander den Csroote, which treated the Asiatic religions, including those of the Aryan group, and was enriched by a bibliography. The crown of his work in this direction was his Gifford Lectures on Elements of the Science of Religion, published at the same time in English and Dutch. This publica tion reveals both Tiele's strength and his weakness -his talent for analyzing religious life and the lesser degree of aptitude for philosophy. In all his liter ary work he proved himself a master in methodical arrangement and clearness of style. The aim which Tiele set himself at the outset was not the investigation of particular religions, but to learn the history of religion as a universal historical fact. To this purpose he held steadfast throughout his life. Underlying this was profound belief in the truth of evolution as applied to religion. The vari ous processes of evolution he discovered in the growth of religion in general, Thus a unity is dis covered in his life and accomplishments which is not diminished when the many contributions to period ical literature are examined. His life was a singu larly happy one, to which his own cheerful disposi tion and continuous and conscious unity of direction made its own contributions. His worth and emi nence were recognized in his own,lifetime by suit able academic and other honors, and especially by the position which was accorded him in his own country. S. CRAMER.
Brarrocnerar: P. D. Ghantepie de la Sauasaye, in Jaarboek der %oninklijke Akademie van Wetenschappen, Amsterdam, 1902; De Goeie, in Eigen Haard, 1898; QV. B. Kristensen, in Woord en Beeld, 1899; Manner era Vrouwen van beteekenis, pp. 358-364 Haarlem, 1902; M. Jastrow, in The Independent (New York), liv (1902), 510 eqq.; L. H. Jordan, Comparative Religion, its Genesis and Growth, passim (consult Index), New York, 1905; idem, in Biblical World, ssi (1903), 32 sqq., 124 sqq.
TIFFANY, CHARLES COMFORT: Protestant Episcopalian; b. at Baltimore, Md., Oct. 5, 1829; d. at Northeast Harbor, Mt. Desert, Me., Aug. 20, 1908. He was educated at Dickinson College, Car lisle, Pa. (A.B., 1850), at the universities of Halle, Heidelberg, and Berlin, and at Andover Theological Seminary (1854). He was a curate at Germantown, Pa. (1866-&8), rector of St. James', Fordham, N. Y. (1868-71), curate on the Green Foundation, Trinity Church, Boston, Mass. (1871-74), rector of the Church of the Atonement, New York (1874-80), and of Zion Church, New York (1880-90); examining chaplain to Bishop Potter (1882-1902), and archdeacon of New York (1894-1902). During the last yeas of the Civil War he was chaplain of the Sixth Connecticut Volunteers, and at the taking of Fort Fisher he was aide to General Terry. He is the author of Modern Atheism (New York, 1874); History of the Protestant Episcopal Church (New York, 1895); and The Prayer Book and the Christian Life (1898).
TIGERT, JOHN JAMES: Methodist Episcopal Church, South; b. at Louisville, Ky., Nov. 25, 1856; d. at Tulsa, I. T., Nov. 21, 1906. He was educated at Vanderbilt University (A.B., 1877); was tutor and professor of moral philosophy there (1881-90); was a pastor in Kansas City, Mo. (1890-94), and book editor of the Methodist Episcopal Church, South, and editor of the Methodist Quarterly Review (1894-1906). In 1906, only six months before his death, he was elected bishop. He wrote Handbook of Logic (Nashville, Tenn., 1885); Theology and Philosophy (1888); The Preacher Himself (1889); A Voice from the South (1882); Constitutional History of American, Episcopal Methodism (1894); The Journal of Thomas Coke (1894); The Making of Methodism (1898); TJteism-A Survey of the Paths that Lead to God (1901); and The Doctrines of the Methodist Episcopal Church in. America (2 vole., New York, 1902). He edited T. O. Summer's Systematic Theology (2 vols., Nashville, 1886); H. N. MeTyeire's Passing through the Gates (1889); and J. S. Banks' Manual of Christian Doctrine (1897).
TIGLATH-PILESER. See AssYxla, VL, 3, §§6, 9. TI$HON. First Russian archbishop of America; b. in the Russian province of Pskov in 1865. He
