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D. Duncan, Life and Letters of Herbert Spencer, ib. 1908 (the authorized biography); S. H.llone, Leaders of Religious Thought in the Nineteenth Cory, London, 1902; Home Life with Herbert Spencer, ib. 1908.

On his philosophy consult: G. S. Morris, British Thought and Thinkers, pp. 337-388, ib. 1870; W. B. Green. The Facts of Consciousness and the Philosophy of Herbert Spencer, New York, 1871; B. P. Bowne, The Philosophy of Herbert Spencer, ib. 1874; . J. L. Porter, Science and Revelation, Belfast, 1874; R. Watts, An Examination of H. Spencer's Biological Hypothesis, ib. 1875; C. Wright, Philosophical Discussions, pp. 43-98, New York, 1877; E. Blanc, Lea Nouvellea Bases de la morale d'apr9a M. Herbert Spencer, Lyons, 1881; T. R. Birks, Modern Physical Fatalism and the Doctrine of Evolution, including an Examination of Mr. H. Spencer's ' First Principles,' 2d ed., London, 1882; W. H. Rolph, Biologische Problems zugleich ala Versuch einer rationellen Ethik, Leipaic, 1882;. C. E. Beeby, The Woes of the Gospel, London, 1884; T. Fairman, Herbert Spencer on Socialism, ib. 1884; J. Iverach, The Philosophy of Herbert Spencer Examined, ib. 1884; W. Arthur, Religion without God, and God without Religion, part 2, ib. 1885; P. S. Bridel, Lea Bases de morale ivolutioniste d'apr4s H. Spencer, Paris, 1888; K. Gaquoin, Die Grundlaye der apencer'schen Philosophic, Berlin, 1888; A. Roder, Der Wep zum Gliick. Auf Grund einer Darstellung der Entwickelungslehre H. Spencera, Leipaic, 1888; J. Watson, Gospels of Yesterday: Drummond, Spencer, Glasgow, 1888; C. Laurens, L'Evolution et M. Herbert Spencer. Lyons, 1889; D. G. Thompson, Herbert Spencer, New York, 1889; E. Grosse, Herbert Spencer's Lehre von dem Unerkennbaren, Leipaic, 1890; B. F. Underwood, Herbert Spencer's Synthetic Philosophy, New York, 1891; E. A. E. Shirreff, Moral Training: Froebel and Herbert Spencer, London, 1892; A. Weismann, Dan Keimplasma, Jena, 1892, Eng. transl., Germ Plasm' London, 1893; K. Busse, Herbert Spencer's Philosophic der Geschichte, Leipsic, 1894; W. H. Hudson, Introduction to the Philosophy of Herbert Spencer, New York, 1894; E. de Roberty, Auguste Comte et Herbert Spencer, Paris, 1894; J. M. Bosch, Die entwicklurtgatheoretiqche Idee aozia.Zer GerechEigkeit, Zurich, 1898; G. Vidari, Rosmini a Spencer, Milan, 1897; G. Allievo, La Psicologia di Herbert Spencer, Turin, 1898; F. H. Collins, An Epitome of the ' Synthetic Philosophy,' 4th ed., London, 1899; J. Dubois, Spencer et le Principe de la morale, Paris, 1899; J. Ward, 1Yaturalism and Agnosticism, London, 1899; H. Macpherson, Spencer and Spencerism, New York, 1900; J. Royce, Herbert Spencer, ib. 1904; C. W. Saleeby, Evolution, the Master Key, ib. 1906 (entertaining, candid, lucid); J. A. Thomson, Herbert Spencer, London and New York, 1906; W. P. Steenkamp, Het Agnosticisme van Herbert Spencer, Amsterdam, 1910.

SPENCER, JOHN: English theologian and Hebraist; b. at Bocton (near Blean, 3 m. n.w. of Canterbury), Kent, baptized Oct. 31, 1630; d. at Ely May 27, 1693. He was educated at Corpus Christi College, Cambridge (B.A., 1648; M.A., 1652; B.D., 1659; D.D., 1665), and then served the parishes of St. Giles and St. Benedict in Cambridge; had the care of L andbeach in Cambridgeshire (1667-83); became prebendary at the cathedral of Ely (1671); archdeacon of Sudbury (1677); and dean of Ely in the same year. In 1667 he was chosen master of Corpus Christi College, Cambridge. Not without justice has he been called the founder of the science of comparative religion, tracing as he did the relations between Hebrew and other Semitic religions. In his first treatise, Dissertatio de Urim et Thummim (Cambridge, 1669), he derived these emblems from the Egyptians. This treatise prepared the way for his chief work, De legibus Hebrceorum ritualibus et earurn rationibus libri tres (1685; in four books, Tiibingen, 1732). Here he investigated the origins of the Mosaic ritual and arrived at the conclusion that the Mosaic religion was not wholly based upon

revelation, but was to a certain extent derived from existing customs. Spencer's views were severely attacked by men like Hermann Witsius, John Edwards, and others. Spencer replied with a carefully revised edition of his work to which was appended a fourth book, which appeared only after his death, in 1727, edited by Leonhard Chappelow. Besides these works, Spencer published A Discourse concerning Prodigies (London, 1663; 2d ed., 1665, with an appendix, Treatise concerning Vulgar Prophecies). His chief work is still regarded as the most important work on the religious antiquities of the

BIBLIOGRAPHY: DNB, liii. 359-380 (where may be found references to scattering notices); a life by C. M. Pfaff was prefixed to book iv. of the Tiibingen edition of the De Zeyibus.

SPENGLER, speng'ler, LAZARUS: Town.aclerk of Nuremberg and zealous adherent of Luther; b. at Nuremberg Mar. 13, 1479; d. there Sept. 7, 1534. In 1494 he entered the University of Leipsic, but on his father's death, two years later, was obliged to terminate his studies. He then entered the Nuremberg chancery, becoming first town clerk in 1507 and a member of the council in 1516. A decided admirer of Staupitz, and publicly accused of " being a disciple or follower of Luther," Spengler wrote, late in 1519, his Schutzred and christliche Antwort eines ehrbaren Liebhabers christlicher Wahrheit, in which he boldly defended Luther's teachings. The work, which ran through five editions within a year, exposed its author to much hostility, especially on the part of Johann Eck, and Spengler was included in the bull of excommunication against Luther. In compliance with the desire of his superiors, and in the interest of Nuremberg, Spengler yielded externally, though only that he might gradually lead the council and city to his own position, his attitude being strengthened by his observations during his attendance, as delegate of the Nuremberg council, at the Diet of Worms in 1521. His name is intimately connected with the beginning and gradual development of the Reformation in Nuremberg. At his suggestion the Irish monastery of St. lEgidius was transformed into a Protestant gymnasium; he proposed the church visitation of 1528 in the territories of Nuremberg and Brandenburg; the formulation of the Nuremberg-Brandenburg church order was largely due to him; and it was in great part his reluctance to make war upon the emperor that prevented Nuremberg and Brandenburg from joining the Schmalkald League. He also maintained continual correspondence with Wittenberg, especially with Luther, with whom he sided against Butzer in the Eucharistic controversy, exactly as he had opposed the compliant position of Melanchthon at Augsburg in 1530. Besides the Schutzred already mentioned, Spengler wrote SchrifhErrrtanung and Undterweysung zu einem tugenhaften Wandel (1520); Ein trostliche Christenliche anweisung vnd artzney in allen widerwertigkeiten (Nuremberg, 1521); Ein kurtzer 8egri,$' wie rich ein warhaffter Christ in ahem seinem wesen and wandel, gegen got vnd semen nechsten halten soll (1525); Trost in Cleinmutigkeit der heiligen Evangelic sachen belangend (1529); Christliche Trostschryft