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sand dem 64. Psalm ausgelegt (1529); Eyn kurtzer ausszug suss den Bepstlichen Rechten, der Decret vnd

Decretalen (1530), and a number of minor works. He is also supposed to have been the author of the anonymous Hauptartikel, durch welche gemeine Christenheit bisher verfiihrt worden, darneben ouch Grund and Anzeigen eines ganzen rechten christlichen Wesens (1522). Spengler wrote two hymns, one of which, " Durch Adams Fall ist ganz verderbt," was translated by Bishop Miles Coverdale in 1539, and in other versions is still used by the Moravians, also appearing in the Evangelical Lutheran Hymnal published at Columbus, O., in 1880. (T. KoLnE.)

BIBLIOGRAPHY: U. G. Haussdorf, Lebensbeschrei3ung einea christlichen Politici, . . Lazari Spenglera, Nuremberg, 1740; M. M. Mayer, Spengleriana, ib. 1830; F. Roth, Die Einfiihrung der Reformation in NiirnberB. Wtirzburg,1885; P. Drews, W. Pirkheimers Stellung zur Reformation, Leipsic, 1887; G. Ludewig, Die Politik Nionberga im Zeitalter der Reformation, Gottingen, 1893; P. Kalkoff, Pirkheimera and SPenDlers Losung vom Banns, 16.1, Breslau, 1896; H. Westermeyer, in Beitrkge zur bayeriachen Kirchengeachichte, Yol, ii., Erlangen, 1896; cf. idem. Der brandenburgiachniirnbergische Kirchenordnung, ib. 1894; K. Sehornbaum, Zur Politik des Markgrajen Georg von Brandenburg, Munich, 1906; Julian, Hymnology, p. 1072.

SPERATUS, sper-d'tus, PAUL: Reformer of Prussia and one of the oldest Protestant hymn-writers; b. at Rotlen (a village near Ellwangen, 45 m, e.n.e. of Stuttgart) probably Dec. 13, 1484; d. at Marienwerder (45 m. s.s.e. of Danzig) Aug. 12, 1551. He studied in Paris and Italy, and probably at Freiburg and Vienna. About 1506 he was ordained to the priesthood and was later ennobled as a papal and imperial palsgrave. As a priest he was stationed at Salzburg in 1514, became cathedral preacher there in 1516, removed to Dinkelsbuhl in 1520, and in July of the same year became cathedral preacher in Wurzburg. His Lutheran sympathies, complicated by his marriage and his debts, forced him to flee on Nov. 21, 1521, to Salzburg, only to be speedily expelled. He then accepted a call to Ofen, in Hungary, but his denunciation of monastic vows in a sermon preached by him in St. Stephen's, Vienna (Jan. 12, 1522; printed at K&nigsberg in 1524 as Sermon vom hohen Geliibde der Taufe), led the theological faculty of Vienna to excommunicate him on Jan. 20, 1522. This precluded a position at Ofen, but before long he found a place at Iglau, where, in 1523, he was imprisoned by the bishop of Olmutz and condemned to death, escaping this fate only by the intervention of influential friends on condition that he would leave Moravia. He then went, by way of Prague, to Wittenberg, where he assisted Luther in the preparation of the first Protestant hymnal (1524). In 1524, on the recommendation of Luther, he was called to Konigsberg by Albert of Prussia (q.v.). There he was court chaplain until 1529, and from 1530 until his death was Protestant bishop of Pomerania, with his residence at Marienwerder. It was largely through his efforts that East Prussia was thoroughly Lutheranized, and its religious conditions completely reorganized. In all this he was aided by Johannes Briessmann and Johann Poliander (qq.v.); and with George of Polentz (q.v.), bishop of Sanlland, Ehrhard of Queiss, bishop of Pomerania, and Councilor Adrian of Waiblingen he conducted the first and most important church visi-

tation in the duchy of Prussia (1526), also taking a prominent pfet in the second visitation of 1528. In Jan., 1530, SPperatus succeeded Ehrhard of Queiss as bishop of Pomerania, where, despite the greatest financial difficulties, he displayed marvellous ability in the Protestantizing of Prussia. He seems to have inspired the division of Prussia into three district synods and one national synod, and from 1531 to 1535 he made every effort to suppress the Schwenekfeldian movement (see SCHWENCICE'ELD VON Ossla, CABPAR, SCHWENCSFELDIANB), his task being made still more difficult by Albert's harboring of Dutch Protestant (though non-Lutheran) refugees. The Munster outrages, however, led the duke to require unity of doctrine in Prussiain the spirit of the Lutheran church order of 1525 (the Artikel der Ceremonien and anderer Kirehenordnung, in the preparation of which Speratus himself seems to have had a share).

Speratus stood ready in 1537 to attend the proposed ecumenical council at Mantua on condition that free expression of opinion be allowed and the Bible be taken as the basis of all decrees, at the same time maintaining the right of resistance to the forcible suppression of religious opinions. In 1549 he was arbiter in the dispute between the Melanchthonian Lauterwald and the Osiandrian Funck, and though he died too soon to become a prominent figure in the Osiandrian controversy, after it had been allayed the life-work of Speratus became fully effective, influencing the Church in East Prussia until the rise of Kantian rationalism. Besides translating some of Luther's works from Latin into German and assisting in the preparation of the Etlich Gesang . . . apes aus Grund gottlicher Schrift (Konigsberg, 1527), he wrote Wie man trotzen soil aufs Kreuz, wider alle Welt zu stehen bei dem Evangelic (Wittenberg, 1524); the lost Epistola ad Batavos vagantes; and probably the Episcoporum Prwssite Pomezaniensis atque Sam

BIBLIOGRAPHY: As sources use should be made of his works as given in the text, and of his Briejwechael, in P. Tschackert, Urkundenbuch zur Rejormationsgesehichte dea Herzogthums Preussen, 3 vole., Leipsic. 1890. Consult further: C. J. Cosack, Paulus Speratua. Leben and Lieder, Brunswick, 1861; P. Tschackert, Paul Speratus von R6tlen, Halls. 1891; T. Kolde, in Beitrage zur bayerischen Kirchenpeschichte, vol. vi., part 2, Erlangen, 1899; B. Schumacher, Niederlandische Ansiedlunpen im Herzogtum Preussen zur Zeit Herzog AZbrechta, Leipsic, 1903; J. Zeller, Paulus SperaEua, seine Herkunjt, sein Studienpanp, and seine Thdtigkeit bis 1622, Stuttgart. 1907; Julian, Hymnology, pp. 1073-74.

SPEYER, sparer or spair, BISHOPRIC OF: A German diocese first specifically mentioned in 614 although Christianity may have been implanted in the region during the Roman period. It later be-