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Bpellmeyer Fspengler THE NEW SCHAFF-HERZOG 40

SPELLMEYER, HENRY: Methodist Episcopal bishop; b. in New York City Nov. 25, 1847. He was educated at New York University (A.B., 1866) and Union Theological Seminary (graduated, 1869). For thirty-five years he held various pastorates of his denomination in and around Newark, N. J., and in 1904 was elected bishop.

SPENCE, JAMES: Synod of United Original Seceders; b. at Evie (20 m. e. of Kirkwall), Orkney Islands, May 22, 1845. He was educated at the University of Aberdeen, and in theology in the Original Secession Hall, Glasgow, and New College, Edinburgh; became minister of the Original Secession church at Auchinleck, Ayrshire, 1870, and so remains. In 1876 he was appointed professor of systematic theology in the divinity hall of his communion in Glasgow, and was transferred to his present chair of Biblical criticism, 1895.

SPENCE-JONES, HENRY DONALD MAURICE:

Church of England; b. at London Jan. 14, 1836. He was educated at Corpus Christi, Cambridge (B.A., 1864), and was ordered deacon in 1865 and ordained priest is the following year. He was professor of English literature and lecturer in Hebrew at St. David's College, Lampeter, Wales (1865-70); rector of St. Mary-de-Crypt with All Saints and St. Owen, Gloucester (1870-77); and principal of Gloucester Theological College (1875-77); vicar and rural dean of St. Pancras, London (1877-86), and since 1886 has been dean of Gloucester of which he had been honorary canon since 1875. He was select preacher at Cambridge in 1883,1887,1901, and 1905, and at Oxford in 1892 and 1903. In 1906 he was elected professor of ancient history in the Royal Academy. In theology he is a moderate evangelical. He has contributed the volumes on I Samuel and the Pastoral Epistles to Bishop Ellicott's Commentary (2 vols., London, 1880-84), and on Acts (in collaboration with J. S. Howson) to Schaff's Popular Commerctary on the New Testament (New York, 1880). He also edited The Pulpit Commentary (48 vols., London, 1880-97) in collaboration with J. S. Exell, to which he himself contributed the section on Luke (2 vols., 1889), and edited and translated the Didache (1885). As independent works he has written 'i Dreamland and History: The Story of the Norman I Dukes (London, 1891); Cloister Life in the Days of Cceur de Lion (1892); Gloucester Cathedral (1897); The Church of England (4 vols., 1897-98); The White Robe of Churches of the Eleventh Century; Pages from the Story of Gloucester Cathedral (1900); The History of the English Church (1900); Life and Work of the Redeemer (1901); Early Christianity and Paganism: A History, A.D. 64-320 (1902); The Golden Age of the Church: Studies in the Fourth Century (1906); and The Early Christians in, Rome (1910).

SPENCER, HERBERT: Philosopher; b, in Derby, England, Apr. 27, 1820; d. in Brighton Dec. 8, 1903. He was a son of William George and Harriet Holmes Spencer. His father was a schoolmaster and private teacher. His early education was unacademic, partly at home, partly under an uncle. After trials at engineering (18376), and journalism (an economist newspaper, 1848-53), he became

contributor to various reviews. He was an early convert to the doctrine of development already formulated by Lamarck. In 1855, four years be fore the appearance of Darwin's Origin of Species, he published Principles of Psychology, based on the principles of evolution. Evolution is defined as a continuous change from indefinite, incoherent homogeneity to definite, coherent heterogeneity of structure and function, through successive differ entiations and integrations. By a law of the per sistence of force, the entire universe, inorganic, organic, and superorganic, becomes both more spe cialized and complex and at the same time more organic and unified. Three laws are appealed to: homogeneity tends to heterogeneity; heterogeneity tends to integration and equilibrium; the equilib rium reached is unstable and tends to dissolution. In his enlarged Principles of Psychology (London, 1870-72) he treats consciousness from a genetic point of view as analogous to developing biological organisms. Certain tendencies of mental reaction are traced to racial heredity and hence the explana tion of what appear to be innate or intuitive ideas. Society is an organism and social institutions are the product of development with two opposing tenden cies-the State and the individual; with the in dividual lies the initiative, only he must be pre vented from aggressive self-assertion (Principles of Sociology, 1877). In the field of ethics development is also the rule. The moral sense is traced to the experience of the race; conscience originates in social customs, either permissive or restrictive; the moral life is an equilibrium between the claims of altruism and egoism. Pleasure is indeed the sum mum bonum, but it must be defined by such an ideal adjustment to environment that moral con duct will be seen to be a perfectly natural function ing; this, however, is a condition. only possible in a future and final stage of social development when the sense of duty shall wholly disappear (Data of Ethics, 1879; Justice, ib. 1891). His attitude toward ultimate reality is twofold: intellectually, a modi fied agnosticism; religiously, a feeling of mystery and awe. Agnosticism springs from the irreconci lable contradictions in our assertions concerning the Absolute, and is partly resolved by the necessary affirmations of an " Infinite and Eternal Energy, from Which all things proceed." Even if religions have a history, they are reducible to a sense of awe which is awakened by the ultimate mystery of tae universe (cf. First Principles, 1862, rev. ed., 1867). The chief significance of -Spencer is found in two directions: first, his explanation of consciousness and all human institutions by reference to a law of functional development; secondly, while he has been denounced as a materialist, yet many parts of his writings are charged with postulates and im plications which require only further elucidation to disclose their essential theism. His relations with America, which he visited and where he had a large circle of readers, were from the first reciprocally cordial. C. A. BECBWITH.

BIBLIOGRAPHY. Spencer's System of Synthetic Philosophy appeared in 10 vole., London, 18BO-97, 15 vole., ib. and New York, 1900, new uniform ed. of his Works, 18 vole., New York, 1910. For his life consult: H. Spencer, An Autobiography, 2 vole., London and New York, 1904;