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gave the expression the peculiar cast it has in I Corinthians or whether he borrowed it, it is equally explicable from the basis here afforded.

(P. FEINE.)

BIBLIOGRAPHY: The literature of especial worth is that contained in the commentaries on Acts and I Corinthians, many of which contain excursuses on the phenomena of Pentecost, with which may be employed the discussions in the works on the history 9f the Apostolic Age-e.g., McGiffert, pp. 50-51, 308, 521-522, 526; in the works on general church history, e.g., Schaff, Christian Church, i 230-243; and in works on the life of the Apostle Paul, e.g., Conybeare and Howson, vol. i., chap. xiii. Consult further: F. Bleek, in TSK, 1529, pp. 3-79. 1830, pp. 4584; F. C. Baur, in Tvbinper Zeitschrift fur Theologie, 1330. pp. 78-133; idem, in TSK, 1838, pp. 818-702; M. Scbneckenburger, Beitrd0e zur Einleitunp in das N. T., Stuttgart, 1832; D. Schultz, Die Geistergaben der ersten Christen, Breslau, 1338; Wieseler, in TSK, 1848, pp. 703-772; C. Bohm, Reden mit Zungeu and 1Veissagen, Berlin, 1848; A. Hilgenfeld, Die Glossolalie in der mlten Kirche, Leipaic. 1850; E. Roasteuseher, Gabe der Sprachen im apostolischen ZeitalEer, Marburg, 1850; A. Maier, Die Glossolalie, Freiburg, 1855; W. A. Van Hengel, De Gave der Talen, Leyden, 1884; J. Gloel, Der heilige Geist in der Heilaverkiindiguug des Paulus, pp. 337-346, Halls, 1888; C. Weizsaeker, Das apostolische Zeitalter, pp. 589 sqq., 2d ed., Freiburg, 1892, Eng. transl., 2 vols., London, 1894-95; M. Beverslius, De heilige Geist en zijne Werkiugeu volgena het . . . N. Verbond, Utrecht, 1898; A. Wright, Some N. T. Problems, pp. 277-302, London, 1898; H. Gunkel, Die Wirkunqen des heiligen Geistes, pp. 18-20, 2d ed., Gottingen, 1899; H. Weinel, Die yVirkungen des Geistes and der Geister, pp. 71-100, Freiburg, 1899; D. Walker, The Gilt of Tongues and Other Essays, London, 1908 (conservative in tone); C. Lombard, De la glossolalie chez les premiers Chrdiens et des pherwm~nes similaires, Lausanne, 1910; DBT, iv. 793-798; EB, iv. 4781-78.

SPECHT, spext, THOMAS: German Roman Catholic; b. at Tiirkheim (25 m. s.s.r5 of Augsburg), Bavaria, Jan. 29, 1847. He was educated at the Lyceum of Dillingen and at the University of Munich (D.D., 1875). He was ordained to the priesthood in 1873; was curate at St. Ulrich's, Augsburg (1875-81); and professor of religion and Hebrew at the gymnasium at Neuburg, Bavaria, until 1887. Since 1887 he has been professor of apologetics and dogmatics at the lyceum of Dillingen, and librarian since 1902. He has been an episcopal spiritual counselor since 1901. He has written Die Wirkungen des eu.chtzristischen Opfers (Augsburg, 1876); Die Lehre von der Einheit der Kirche nach dem heiligen Augustin (Neuburg, 1885); Die Lehre von der Kirche each dem heiligen Augustin (Paderborn, 1892) ; Geschichte der ehemaligeu Universitat Dillingen (Freiburg, 1902); Geschichte des koniglicheye Lyceums Dillingen (Regensburg, 1904); and Lehrbuch der Dogmatik (vol. i., 1907).

SPEE, spe, FRIEDRICH VON: German Roman Catholic religious poet; b. at Kaiserswerth (27 m. n.n.w. of Cologne) Feb. 25, 1591; d. at Treves Aug. 7, 1635. In 1610 he entered the Society of Jesus, and after ordination to the priesthood became, in 1621, professor of grammar, philosophy, and ethics in the Jesuit college at Cologne. Four years later he was sent to Paderborn as cathedral preacher, and in 1627 became parish priest in Wiirzburg. In the following year he was transferred to Lower Saxony, where he distinguished himself as a successful leader of the Romaa Catholic Counter-Reformation, especially at Peine in the diocese of Hildesheim. While at W iirzburg, Von Spec was required to perform the last

offices of religion for some 200 persons executed for witchcraft, although he believed them all to be innocent, later assailing the entire system of trial for witchcraft in his Cazttio criminalis, sets de processibus contra sagas (Rinteln, 1631), the first edition of which appeared anonymously. For several months he was seriously ill at Hildesheim, apparently in consequence of a Protestant attempt to assassinate him, and for a time he lived at the little village of Falkenhagen, but in 1632 he was again teaching moral theology at Cologne, inspiring the Medulla theologise moralis of Hermann Busenbaum (q.v.). Subsequently he was parish priest at Treves, where his devotion to the sick and wounded during the siege and after the capture of the city 'by the imperial and Spanish troops in 1635 exposed him to a contagious fever of which he died.

BIBLIOGRAPHY: Lives have been written by J. B. Diel, 2d ed., by B. Duhr, Freiburg, 1901; H. Cardauns, Frankfort, 1884; I. Gebhardt, Hildesheim, 1893; R. Miiller, in Hiatorisch-politische Blatter, cxxiv (1900), 785 sqq., exxY (1901), 430 sqq.; in ADB, xxxv. 92 sqq.; and KL, xi. 575 aqq.; cf. T. Ebner, F. Spec and die Hexenprozesse seiner Zeit, Hamburg, 1900.

SPEER, ROBERT ELLIOTT: Presbyterian layman; b. at Huntingdon, Pa., Sept. 10, 1867. He was educated at Princeton College (A.B., 1899) and also studied for a year at Princeton Theological Seminary. He was secretary of the Student Volunteer Movement for Foreign Missions in 1889-90 and instructor in English Bible in Princeton College in 1890-91. Since 1891 he has been secretary of the Presbyterian Board of Foreign Missions. In 18961897 he made a tour of the Christian missions in the orient, visiting Persia, India, China, Japan, and Korea. In theology he is Evangelical, and has written Studies in the Gospel of Luke (New York, 1892); Studies in the Book of Acts (1892); The Man Christ Jesus (1896); Missions and Politics in Asia (1898); A Memorial of a True Life (1898); Remember Jesus Christ (1899); The Man Paul (1900); Presbyterian Foreign Missions (Philadelphia, 1901); Christ and Life (New York, 1901); Principles of Jesus applied to some Questions of To-Day (1902); Missionary Principles and Practice (1902); A Young Man's Questions (1903); A Memorial of Horace Tracy Pitkin (1903); Missions anal Modern History (2 vols., 1904); Young Men who Overcame (1905); Marks of a Man.; Essentials of Christian Character (1907); Master of the Heart (1908); Memorial of Alice Jackson (1908); Paul the All Round Man (1909); Servants of the King (1909); Second Coming of Christ (1910); and Christianity and the Nations (1910).