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RELIGIOUS ENCYCLOPEDIA

J. w. Preger, M. FZaciua lllyrtcua and seine Zeit, vol. ii., Erlangen, 1881; A. G. Meyer, Der Flacianiamua in der GraJachaJt MansJeld, Halle, 1873; ADB, axgv. 37 sqq.

SPANGENBERG, JOHANN: German theologian; b. at Hardegsen (10 m. n.n.w, of Gottingen) Mar. 29, 1484; d. at Eisleben (43 m. s. of Magdeburg) June 13, 1550. He was educated at Gottingen and Einbeck; in 1508he entered the University of Erfurt (B.A.,1511). Afterward Count Botho of Stolberg called him as lector to the Latin School in Stolberg; about 1520 he became also preacher at the Church of St. Martin. He accepted the teaching of Luther and was soon known and esteemed as a prominent preacher of the Gospel. In 1524 the council of Nordhausen appointed him preacher of the Church of St. Blasius where during an activity of twenty-two years he established the Evangelical doctrine, and after the disturbances of the Peasants' War carried out anew church order in a conservative spirit. Spangenberg rendered especially valuable services for the advancement of higher education in Nordhausen. As the cathedral and municipal schools had perished in the storms of the Peasants' War, Spangenberg opened a private school in his own house until the council at his request in 1525 established a new Latin school in the Dominican monastery, for which Spangenberg wrote text-books. In 1546, at his last visit to Eisleben, Luther proposed Spangenberg to the counts of Mansfeld as general inspector of all churches and schools in the county, and in this new position Spangenberg remained until his death. Of his numeious writings mention may be made of Prosodic in usum juventwtis Northusante (Augsburg, 1535); Qusestiones musicse in usum scleolse Nsrrthvsiance (Nuremberg, 1536); Evangelic dominicalia in versiculos versa (1539); Artifieaosce memorise libellus, in usum studiosorum collectus (Wittenberg, 1539); Computes ecelesiasticus (1539); Margarita theologica (1540; Eng. transl., The Su of Divinitie, London, 1548) ; Gross Kateehismus . . . Lutheri . .

in Fragstiicke verfasset (1541); Ein new Trostbiichlin fur die Krancken, Und vom christlichen Ritter (15411542); Alt and neue geistliche Lieder and Lob-Geseng von der Geburt Christi . . . fur die junge Christen (1543); Psalterium carmine Elegiaco redditum (1544); Cantiones ecclesiasticce latince simul ac syncerlores qusadam prseculse . . . Kirchengesknge deutsch dlsrchs gantze Jar . . . (1545); Des ehelichen Ordens Spiegel and Regel (1545); Kommentar zur Apostelgeschichte (Frankfort, 1546); Explicationes evangeliorum et epistolarum, slum stominicls diebus more zssitato proponi in ecclesia populo Solent, in tabulos

. . . redactse (Basil, 1564), edited by his son Cyri akus (q.v.). (G. KAWERAU.)

BIBLIOGRAPHY: H. Menzel, Epicedion in memoriam Johannis Spangenberg, Wittenberg, 1551; idem. Narratio historica de state eccleaice in comitatu MansJeldenai., reproduced in ZeitsehrdJt des Harzverexna, xvi (1833), 88 sqq.; M. Adam, Vito Germanorum theologorum, p. 98. Frankfort, 1653, J. G. Leuckfeld, Verbesserte hiatorische Nachricht von dem Leben and Schriften Johann Spangenbergs, Quedlinburg, 1720: E. G. FSIStemann, MiEtheilvngen zu einer Geechickte der Schulen in Nordhausen, pp. 22 sqq_ Nordhausen, 1824, G. H. IMppel, Deutsche Lebens- and Charakterbilder i. 1 eqq., Bremen, 1853; K. Krumhaar, Die Gra$achaJt Manajetd im Rejormationazeita7ter, pp. 345 sqq., Eislebea, 7855, T. Persehmann, Die ReJormadion in Nordhausen, pp, 18 eqq., Halle, 1881.

SPANHEIM, spdn'haim, EZEGHIEL, BARON: Eldest son of Friedrich Spanheam the Elder; b. at Geneva Dec. 7, 1629; d. at London Nov. 7, 1710. After 1642 he studied philology and theology at Leyden, and in 1650 returned to Geneva. In 1656 he became tutor of Karl Ludwig, elector of the Palat inate, when studies in political science led him into a diplomatic career for which he showed great apti tude. By order of the elector he went in 1661 to Rome to investigate the intrigues of the Roman Catholic electors against his sovereign. After his return in 1665 the elector employed him as ambassa dor at different courts, finally in England where after 1679 he was charged also with the affairs of the elector of Brandenburg. In 1680 he entered the service of electoral Brandenburg as minister of state. As ambassador of the great elector he spent nine years at the court of Paris, and subsequently devoted some years to studies in Berlin, but after the Peace of Ryswyk in 1697 he returned as am bassador to France where he remained until 1702. In 1702 he finally went as first Prussian ambassador to England. His principal works are Disputationes de use et prsestantia numismatum antiquorum (Rome, 1664; best edition, 2 vols., London and Amsterdam, 1706-17) and Orbis Romanus (London, 1704; Halle, 1728). He also edited with Petavius the Opera of Cyril of Alexandria and of the Emperor Julian (Leipsic, 1696). (S. D. VAN VEEN.)

BIBLIOGRAPHY: A sketch of Spanheim's life by I. Verburg is prefixed to the Amsterdam ed. of the Disputationes, ub sup.

SPANHEIM, FRIEDRICH, THE ELDER: Cal vinistic professor at the University of Leyden; b. at Amberg (35 m. e. of Nuremberg) Jan. 1, 1600; d. at Leyden May 14, 1649. He entered in 1614 the university of Heidelberg where he studied philology and philosophy, and in 1619 removed to Geneva to study theology. In 1621 he became tutor in the house of Jean de Bonne, Baron de Vitrolle, governor of Embrun in Dauphin, and after three years he visited Switzerland (Geneva), and France (Paris), and England, returning to Geneva in 1626 and be coming professor of philosophy; in 1631 he went over to the theological faculty, and was rector of the acad emy 1633-37. In 1642 he removed to Leyden as pro fessor of theology. In Holland Spanheim became one of the most decided defenders of the Calvinistic doctrine of predestination against Amyraut. He published anonymously, Le Soldat suedois (1634), a history of the Thirty Years' War until 1631; Le Mercure suist;e (1634); Commentaire historique de la vie et de la mort de . . Christo,/te Vicomte de Dohna (1639). Isis principal theological works are: Dubia evangelica (3 vols., Geneva, 1631-39; Eng. transl., Englands Warning by Germanies Woe, London, 1646); Disputdtio de gratin universali (3 vols., Leyden, 1644-48); Epistola ad Buchananum super contro versies . , in ecclesiis Anglicanis (Leyden, 1645). Against the Anabaptists he wrote Variss disputationes anti.Anabaptisticse (1643) and .Diatribe historica de origxne, progressu, seeds et nominibus anabaptist arum (1645). (S. D. VAN VEEN.)

BIBLIOGRAPHY. A. Heiden, Oratio J'unebris in obitum . . . F, Speanhemii, Leyden, 1849· Bayle, DicEZmxary, v. 193 195, Niceron, MBmoirea, xxix. 35:, J. Seoebier, Hint. lit-

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