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$pauhaim Speaking with Tongues THE NEW SCHAFF-HERZOG
t_raire de Gen-Ave, ii. 191 aqq., Geneva, 1788; Lichtenberger, ESR, xi. 858.
SPANHEIM, FRIEDRICH, THE YOUNGER: Son of Friedrich the Elder; b. in Geneva May 1, 1632; d. at Leyden May 18, 1701. He studied at Leyden (M.A., 1648), continuing his studies in theology after the death of his father, and in 1655 accepted a call to assist in reorganizing the University of Heidelberg, having previously received his doctorate at Leyden, whither he went as professor of theology in 1670, giving instruction after the next year in church history, becoming librarian in 1674, being four times rector, and in 1684 becoming professor primarius.
The results of his literary activity, which was great, were collected in his Opera (3 vole., Leyden, 1701-03). They included works in history, exegesis, and dogmatics, to which must be added a certain polemic activity against Arminiana, Cartesians, Cocceians, and Jesuits. In this last respect important is his De novissimis circa res saeras in Belgio dissidiis epistola (Leyden, 1677). His theology was conservative, and he opposed the " r wvatores." His commentary on Job is regarded as of high value. He issued also a Brevis Introductio ad historiam utri,usque Testamereti (1694), and a large number of sermons. [The list of his writings takes up two pages in the British Museum Catalogue.]
BIBLIOGRAPHY: The funeral oration by J. Triglandiua was published at Leyden, 1701, and was included in vol. ii. of Spanheim's Opera, ut sup. Sketches of his life are given in their alphabetical place in Niceron, M_moirea, xxix. 11 28 and in Chauffepit;,'s Nouveau Dictionnaire, Amsterdam, 1750-58.
SPARROWS WILLIAM: Protestant-Episcopalian; b. at Charlestown, Mass., Mar. 12, 1801; d. at Alexandria, Va., Jan. 17, 1874. His parents returning to Ireland in 1805, he attended a boardingschool in the Vale of Avoca; returned to America, 1817; was a student at Columbia College, New York, 1819-21; professor of Latin and Greek at Miami University, 1824-25; ordained in 1826; colaborer with Bishop Chase in founding Kenyon College; eleven years Miinor professor at Gambler; and professor of systematic divinity and Christian evidences in the Theological Seminary of Virginia, 1840-74. During the civil war (1861-64) he carried on the work of the seminary in the interior of Virginia. At its close his unique relations to both sections enabled him to exert important influence in restoring the Protestant Episcopal Church in Virginia to its former ecclesiastical relations.
Sparrow was recognized as the ablest theologian and the most original thinker of the evangelical school in the Protestant Episcopal Church. He bowed with unquestioning faith to the supremacy of Scripture, yet welcomed modern criticism as an ally; all his thinking proceeded on the conviction of the ultimate harmony of revelation and science. An earnest Evangelical and a zealous Protestant, he was usually classed as Arminian in theology; yet he abhorred the narrowness of theological systems, and led his pupils to independent thought and rational inquiry. He was an earnest Episcopalian, but put doctrine before order; hence he felt himself at one with Protestant Christendom, and re-
joiced in the Evangelical Alliance as an expression of Protestant unity. Although he sympathized with the difficulties of Bishop George David Gummina (q.v.), he deprecated his secession, and remained firm in his adherence to the church. Perhaps, no man of his time in America did more to check the spread of the tractarian theology. He was an earnest antagonist of the dogma of a tactual apostolical succession, holding it to be essentially unacriptural and anti-Protestant. To his great intellectual powers he added the influence of exalted piety, a character of great modesty and humility, and a life of simplicity and self-denial. His lifelong feebleness of health unhappily prevented his entering the field of authorship; but a number of his occasional sermons and addresses were published. In collaboration with J. Johns he wrote Memoir of Rev. W. Meade (Richmond, 1867); and, independently, Select Discourses (New York, 1877).
BIBLIOGRAPHY: C. Walker, Life and Correspondence of Wa71iam Sparrow, Philadelphia. 1878.
Of the early Christian phenomenon called " speak
ing with tongues " (Gk. glossolalia) I Cor. xii.-xiv.
gives a fairly comprehensible picture. It is repre
sented as an activity of the Spirit of God coming
upon man and constraining him to external ex
pressions directed to God but not understood by
others (xii. 10-11, xiv. 2), during which the soul life
is passive and the understanding in
z. Basal abeyance (xiv. 14-15); the condition
New- is that of Ecstasy (q.v.), the utterances
Testament are words or sounds of prayer or praise,
Passages. but are not clear in meaning (xiv. 5,
13-16), and give the impression to the
hearer of being mysteries or insane expressions (xiv.
2, 23), and need, at any rate, to be interpreted,
though an unbeliever might see in the phenomenon
a divine sign (xiv. 21-22). Three sets of illustrations
used by Paul serve to make this clear: in the use of
pipe and harp distinct and separate notes are neces
sary to give meaning, a definite set of sounds of the
trumpet is required to give the signal to battle,
and knowledge of a strange tongue is needed in
order to interpret it (xiv. 7-11). This phenomenon
seems to include sighs, groanings, shoutinga, cries,
and utterances either of disconnected words (such
as Abba, hosanna, hallelujah, maranatha) or of con
nected speech of a jubilating sort which impresses
the observer as ecstatic prayer or psalmodic praise.
Other passages in the New Testament refer to the
practise. So the ungenuine Mark xvi. 17, as well
as Acts x. 46, xix. 6, refers to something like that in
I Cor. xii.-xiv. But Acts ii. 1-13, referring to the
events at Pentecost, needs to be distinguished,
though the phenomena mentioned in verses 4 and
13 range themselves with those of I Cor. xiv. 21,
23. But the intention of the writer in Acts is not
to describe ecstatic speech, it is rather to describe
a miracle of tongues. The noise resulting, happen
ing at the festival of weeks, drew a large concourse,
