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8ahwally 8ohwebtil THE NEW SCHAFF-HERZOG

lanchthon, and Jones to confer with the elector, but on Oct. 7 Luther was directed to prepare the articles at once, and by Oct. 10 they were in the elector's hands.

The Articles are seventeen in number and, while closely following the Marburg Articles, lay special stress on the points wherein uniformity was neces sary in order to secure political union. They like wise lay sharp stress on Luther's distinctive Eucha risticdoctrines, and expressly assail the teachings of Zwingli. On Oct. 16, 1529, at the concluding of the alliance, they were laid before the conference held at Schwabach, and there rejected by the Upper Germans. Besides being employed in drawing up the Augsburg Confession, the SchwabachArticles were used by the elector in May, 1530, to prove his orthodoxy to the emperor, a wretched Latin trans lation being sent to Innsbruck. The original draft of the articles is lost, and they first appeared in print at Coburg about 1530 under the misleading title of Die bekenntnus Martini Luthera auff dart jtzigen angestelten Reichstag 2u Augspurk evnzulegen, In siebentzehen Artikel verfasaet. Shortly afterward Luther himself published the Articles with a preface of his own. (T. KOLDE.)

Brsiroatxsra:: H. E. Jacobs, The Book of Concord, 1. 303354. ii. 27-28. Philadelphia, 1893; J. J. Mtllter. Hiatorie Von der aoanpelischan Stands, Jana, 1705; T. Bolds, Dar Tap Von 3chleia, in Beitrepe our ReJormationepexhiehte J. R6ai1in pcwidmet. pp. 84 sq4·. Go. 1 . creeds, i. 229-229.

SCHWALLY, ahvdl'lf, FRIEDRICH: Orientalist; b. at Butabach (11 m. s. of Giessen) Aug. 10, 1883. He received his education at the gymnasium at Darmstadt and at the universities of Giessen and Strasburg; he was called as privet-docent to Strasburg to teach Semitic languages, becoming extraordinary professor there in 1898, and going to Giesaen in the same capacity in 1901, being promoted to ordinary professor in 1908. He has issued Des Leben nach dam Tode. Nach den Vorstellungender adten Israel and des Jttdentuma einachliesslich des Volksglaubena im Zeilalter Christi (Giessen, 1892); Idioticon der christlich-paldatinisehen Aramdiseh (1893); Kultur den alter Orients (1896); Ibraham ibn Mohammed el-Baihaql. Kitdb et MahBsin vat MasBwi (3 parts, Leipsic, 1899-1902); assisted in putting forth a critical edition of the Hebrew teat of the Book of Kings (1904) ; and edited the second edition of T. Noldeke's Geschiehte des Qorana (1909).

SCHWAftE, shvd'ne, JOSEPH: German Roman Catholic; b. at Dorsten (35 m. s.w. of Munster), Westphalia, Apr. 2, 1824; d. at Monster June 6, 1892. He studied at Monster, 1843-48; at Bonn and Tilbingen, 1848-50; became privatdocent in the theological faculty at Miinater, 1853; professor extraordinary there, 1859; and ordinary professor, 1867. He was author of Des g8ttliche Vorherurissen (MGnster, 1855); De controversia inter Sanctum Stephannm et Sanctum CyptKanum (1859); Dogmengeachichte (1862-90); De operibua attpereTtlgCEtai'lia (1868); S7oeeielle Mot·altheotogie (18711878); Atlgemeitxe Moraltheotogie (1885).

SCHWARTZ, ahvarts, CHRISTIAN FRIEDRICH: German Protestant missionary; b. at Sonnenburg

(19 m. n.e. of Frankfort-on-the-Oder), Prussia, Oct. 28, 1728; d. at Tanjore (170 m. SAM. Of Mal* dras), India, Feb. 13, 1798. He studied theology at Halls; and having made himself master of the Tamil language, was sent se missionary to Tranquebar in 1750 by the Danish Missionary Society in Copel>hegen. Having entered the service of the Society for promoting Christian Knowledge in London, in 1787, his station was in 1779 removed to Tanjore, where he remained to his death. He founded many congregations among the natives, exercised a moat beneficial influence during the war of Hydor Ali, and contributed much to make the name and character of Europe respected and trusted in India.

Brattoassrtlt: Remains of . . . C. F. Schwartz, Mission- ary in India, consisting of his Letters and Journals: with a Sketch of his Life, 2d ed., London, 1828: H. M. Pearson, Memoirs of . . . C. F. Schwartz, new ed., 2 vole., 1855; J. D. Jaeniake. Mcnoira of . . . Jaenicka . . . with . . . Letters and Notices of Schwartz, ib. 1833; W. Germann, Miaaiondr C. F. 3chwaric,aein Leben undWsrken, Erleag en, 1870; W. P. Walsh, Heroes of the Mission Field. London. 1879; A. C. Thompson, Protestant Missions, their Rise and Early Progress, New York, 1894: Helen H. Holcomb. Men of Might in Indian Missions, ib. 1901: C. C. Creegan. Per missionaries of the Church, ib. 1903; H. C. Vedder, Christian Epoch Makers, Philadelphia, 1908.

SCHWARZ, shvttrta, FRIEDRICH HEINRICH CHRISTIAN: German Lutheran; b. at Giessen May 30, 1768; d. at Heidelberg Apr. 3, 1837. After completing his education at the university of his native city, he assisted his father se pastor at Alsfeld, and was then pastor of Dexbaoh (17901798), Echaell (1798-98) and Monster, near But,ebach (1798-1804), where he developed conspicuous ability as a teacher, in addition to his clerical duties. From 1804 until his death he was professor of theology at Heidelberg, his special fields being pedagogics and systematic theology. His theological point of view was one of Biblical and practical supernaturalism, combined with a unionistic tendency. Besides issuing works on pedagogy, in which field be is perhaps better known than as a theologian, he edited for several years the Theologiache Annalen (1824 eqq.), Die Kirche (1818-17), and also the pedagogical Frei.· mtZtige Jahrbucher. His independent theological writings were Sciagraphia dogmaticea Christiana in usum Prtelectiortum (Heidelberg, 1808; revised under the title of Grettwlrias der kirchlichen groteatantischen Dogmatik, 1816); Daa Chtistentum in seiner Wahrheit and GBttdichkeit bettYtchtet, otter die Lehre den Evangeliums ava Urkunden dargestellt (1808); and Xandbuch der evangeliach-christdichen Ethik fur Theologen and gebildete Christen (1821; revised in 1830 as Die Sittettlehre den eroangelisehen Christentums ale Wiasenschaft).

Schwarz was s zealous advocate of the union of the Lutheran and Reformed Churches in Baden, and after the union toiled with his colleague Daub to this end, also in preventing loose latitudinarianism and in giving proper validity to the creeds of both denominations. (C. B. HvxDEasso>CNt·)

SCHWARZ, JOHANN KARL EDUARD: German Lutheran; b. at Halls June 20, 1802; d. at Jena May 18, 1870. He was educated at the university of his native city (1822-24), and after being