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281 RELIGIOUS ENCYCLOPEDIA a teacher at Magdeburg for a year, was appointed, in 1826, pastor in the neighboring town of Altenwed dingen. In 1829 he was called to Jena as chief pastor and superintendent, being at the same time honor ary professor at the university. In 1844 he was appointed full professor, lecturing on homiletics, cat echetics, and ethics, besides directing the homiletic and catechetic seminars, but in 1865 was compelled by illness to retire from active life. He was for many years theological editor of the Jenaer allgemeine Lltteratwzeitung, was one of the founders of the Proteatantische Kirchenzeitung, and in 1859 edited the Weimamches Kirchenblatt. Besides writing a volume of sermons (Jena, 1837) and an unfinished biography of Nikolaus Amsdorf, he had charge of an Evangelisches Kirehenbuch (2 vols., Jena, 1880-63), of which he wrote vol. ii. (C. Past.) SCHWARZ, KARL HEINRICH WILHELM:

German theologian and historian; b. at Wick (21 m. n. of Stralsund), on the island of Ragen, Nov. 19, 1812; d. at Gotha Mar. 25, 1885. He attended the gymnasium at Greifswald, 1826-30; studied theology and philology under Gesenius and Tholuck at Halls; in 1831 went to Bonn; studied in Berlin, 1832-34; whence he returned to Greifawald. While under sentence of imprisonment at Wittenberg in 1837 for breach of academical regulations, he was allowed to attend the preachers' seminary conducted by Heubner and Rothe. In 1841 at Greifawald he became licentiate in theology and in 1842 licentiate at Halle, where he collaborated on the Hallische Jahrbacher. At Leipsic and CSthen he attended the meetings of the "Protestant Friends" but their rationalism repelled him. The minister of public worship decreed his suspension and he was rehabilitated at Halle only in 1848. In his Wesen der Religion (Halls, 1847) he deals in the first part with the conception of religion as the realization of God and in the second part with the history of religion and the philosophic systems of Kant, Jacobi, Schleiermacher, Hegel, and Feuerbach. In 1849 he became extraordinary professor and in 1854 published Lessing als Thedog. His most important work is Zur Geschichte der neueaten Theologie (Leipsie, 1856), wherein he treats of the antithesis between rationalism and supernaturalism, which was overcome by Schleiermacher and Hegel. In contrast with them stands modern orthodoxy, typified by Hengstenberg, while Strauss's Leben Jesu characterizes the historical critical process. The third part describes the philosophic-dogmatic process, first the redemption theology of Strauss and Feuerbach, then the reaction against it and Schleiermacher's school, finally the transition to the free theology of the future for which he stood. In 1856 Duke Ernst II. of Coburg. Gotha called him to Gotha as court preacher. In 1858 he became head court preacher and member of the ministerial department for public instruction and worship, and in 1877 general superintendent of the state church of Gotha. In 1866 he published for the public schools of the duchy of Gotha a very popular Leitfaden fiir den Religaonavnlerricht. He was also active in matters affecting the organization of the church and in those which concerned Church

sad State. (G. RUDLOFF.)

SCHWEBEL, shv6'bel, JOHANN, AND THE REFORMATION IN PFALZ-ZWEIBRUECKEN: Johann Schwebel, or, as he styled himself, $chweblin, was born at Pforzheim (50 m. w.n.w. of Carlsruhe) in 1490; d. at Zweibriicken May 19, 1540. Thoroughly prepared in the excellent Latin school of his native town, he entered the University of Tiibingen in 1508, that of LeipEducation sic in 1509, and that of Heidelberg in sad Early 1511, taking his degree in canon law

Labors. in 1513. Still earlier he had entered the Hoapitallers' order of the Holy Ghost. Consecrated as priest at Strasburg on Apr. 15, 1514, he lived in his cloister at Pforzheim, where he con tracted intimate relations with Melanchthon. From 1519 Schwebel preached in the hospital of his order in Evangelical fashion, and although he observed moderation, he roused the hostility of the "old believers" to such a degree that he deemed it advi sable, in 1521, to leave the order and seek protection in $ickingea's castles, where, i n communion with $ickingen, Hutten, Butzer, and others, he grew still more decided. Like d;colampadius, Schwebel now read the mass is German, though he held no official post with Sickingen. He married in 1521, and in the autumn of 1522 returned to Pforzheim, where he again occupied his position in the hospital, at first unmolested. In a tract that appeared at Pforzheim Dec. 1, 1522, Ermahnung zu den Quea tionieren, abzustellen uberjlilssige Kosten, Schwebel opposed the "farming" of the credulous common people in connection with collecting donations for hospitals and the poor. He is also perhaps the author of another work that soon appeared at the same place, Liber vagatorum, describing the artifices employed by the vagabonds of that age for swindling the people.

In the spring of 1523, Schwebel had to leave Pforzheim again. An invitation from Duke Ludwig II. of Pfalz-Zweibrucken then led him to Zweibriicken; where no later than April of Beginning 1523 he appears as preacher and forthof Work in with developed a fruitful activity, to Zwei- which Ludwig interposed no obstacle.

briicken. In a series of sermons, Schwebel ex pounded Matthew, Romans, Galatians, and Corinthians. When in 1527 he preached on the Old Testament, he studied Hebrew so eagerly that his adversaries in ridicule styled him Judaicus. When Duke Ludwig published the Nuremberg edict of Mar. 6, 1523, and in 1526 put a new edge on the same, prohibiting preaching of the Gospel except as approved by the Church, Schwebel did not change his manner of preaching, and before long his in fluence began to spread over neighboring places. Early in 1524 Schwebel victoriously defended his doctrine against the arch-priest Nicholas Kalten heuser of Bitsch, who denied his authorization to preach. Schwebel'a first wife having died early, be married again, and justified the step in a special tract. In a sermon on I Cor. iii., delivered at the beginning of 1525, he expressed himself openly against purgatory. About this time Schwebel sent g brief presentation of his doctrine to a citizen of Metz, which was translated into French and printed at Strasburg. Another small tract of his, Hauptattick