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college at Niesky (1858), and at the theological seminary at Gnadenfeld, Silesia (1861). He wan then a teacher in the French Academy at Lausanne, Switzerland (1861-62), and classical instructor in the college at Niesky (1862-70). In 1870 he left Germany for the United States, and has since been connected with the Moravian College and Theological Seminary at Bethlehem, Pa., first as professor of exegesis and dogmatics until 1885, and then as president. From 1881 to 1893 he was one of the three members of the governing board of his denomination in America. Besides editing Der Bruder Botschafter for several years, he has written History of the Widow's Society of Bethlehem (Bethlehem, Pa., 1880) ; A arlig Dagbog (1888) ; Die Missionsfelder der erneuerten Bruderkirche (1890); Grammar and Vocabulary of the Eskimo Language of Northwestern Alaska (1894); The Theology of Peter and Paul (1896); Guide to the Old Moravian Cemetery at Bethlehem (1898); The Books of the Bible Analyzed (1902); and Christian Doctrine and Systematic Theology (1909).

SCHULTZE, BENJAMIN: Missionary to India and Translator of the Bible. See INDIA, II., § 2.

SCHULTZ, MAXIMILIAN VIKTOR: German Lutheran; b. at Fiirstenberg (a village near Corbach, 28 m. s.w. of Cassel), Waldeck, Dec. 13, 1851. He was educated at the universities of Basel, Jena, Strasburg, and Gottingen, and, after several years of study in Italy, became privat-docent at the University of Leipsic in 1879. In 1884 he was called to Greifswald as associate professor of church history and church archeology, where he has been professor of the same subject since 1888. He has written or edited Die Katakomben von San Gennaro lei Poveri in Neapel (Jena, 1877); Arehdologische Studien vber altchristliche Monuments (Vienna, 1880) ; Die Katakomben, ihre Geschichte and ihre Monumente (Leipsie, 1882); Das evangelische Kirchengebdude, sin Ratgeber fur Geistliche and Freunde kirehlieher Kunst (1886); Gesehichte des Untergangs des griechisch-romisehen Heidentums (2 vols., Jena, 1887-92); Das Kloster San Marco in Florenz (Leipsie, 1888) ; Die allchristlichen Bildwerke and die wissenschaftliche Forschung (1889); Archdologie der altchristlichen Kunst (Munich, 1895); Waldeckische Reformationsgeschichte (Leipsie, 1903); Codex Waldeccensis, unbekannte Fragmente einer griechisch-lateinischen Bibelhandschrift (Munich, 1904); Geschichts- and Kunstdenkmdler der k6nigliehen Universitdt Greifswald (1906); Die altchristlichen Grabstdtten Siciliens (1907); Philipp Nicolai (1908); and Waldeckisehe Landeskunde (1909).

SCHULZ, shults, ALPHONSS: German Roman Catholic; b. at Karchau (a village near Nimptsch, 29 m. s.w. of Breslau) Apr. 27, 1871. He studied at the lyceum of Braunsberg and the University of Munster (1891-97; D.D., Munster, 1897), and in Jerusalem (1897-98). He was privat-docent for Old-Testament exegesis at the Lyceum of Braunsberg (1900-04); professor in the gymnasium of the same city (1901-04) ; and since 1904 has been associate professor of Old-Testament exegesis in the Lyceum. He has written De Psalmis gradualibus

(Munster, i8s37); Quern zur Geachiehte lea ELiaa ($raunsberg, 1906); GGttiichee and Menschliches im ALten Testament (1906); and Doppe" im Pentateuch (Freiburg, 1908).

SCHULZ, DAVID: German Lutheran; b. at Purben, near Freystadt (75 m, n.w. of Breslau), Nov. 29, 1779; d. at Breslau Feb. 17, 1854. He was educated at the University of Halls (Ph.D., 1806), where he became privat-docent in 1806. On the closing of the university, he took a like position at Leipsic, but when Halle was reopened in 1808, Schulz returned to his alma mater. In 1809 he was appointed associate professor of theology and philosophy, but in the same year accepted a call to Frankfort as full professor of theology. With the incorporation of the University of Frankfort with that of Breslau in 1811, Schulz went to Breslau, retaining his professorship until blindness forced him to retire from active life. Theologically he was a rationalist. His exegetical erred critical writings are antiquated, though his polemic works still possess a certain historical interest. His principal works, which are prolix and repetitive, are: Der Brief an die Hebrder (Breslau, 1818) ; Die christliche Lehre vom heiligen Abendmahl (Leipsie, 1824); Was heisat Glauben and wer sired die Ungldubigen2 (1830); and Die Geistesgeben der ersten Christen (Breslau, 1836). He edited the third edition of the first volume (containing the Gospels) of J. J. Griesbach's Novum Testamentum Greece (Berlin,

German Lutheran; b. at Berlin Feb. 27, 1833. He was educated at the university of his native city (lic. theol., 1856; Ph.D., 1858), where he became privat-docent for New-Testament exegesis and Biblical theology in 1859. Four years later he was called to Konigaberg as associate professor of theology, and was also chaplain of the house for deaconesses and a member of the committee on theological examinations. From 1866 to 1874 he was inspector of the Kloster unserer lichen Frauen at Magdeburg and head of the seminary for the training of teachers of religion at the gymnasium. Since 1874 he has been professor of dogmatic theology and ethics at Rostock; he was rector magaificus of the University of Rostock in 1894 and has repeatedly been dean of the theological faculty. In theology his position is essentially conservative. He has written De fontibus ex quibus historic Hyc sorum haurienda sit (Berlin, 1858); Ueber die blunder Jesu Christi, mit besonderem Bezug auf Reran (KSnigsberg, 1864); Martha and Maria, zwei Lebensbilder :.ach der heiligen Schrift (Goths, 1865); Passions- and Osterfeier (sermons; 1866); Vom Menschensohn and vom Logos (1867); Friede im Hewn (sermons; 1871); Philipp Waekernagel, sin Lebensbild (Leipsie, 1879) ; Friedrich Adolf Philippi, sin Lebensbild (Gutersloh, 1883); Luther and die evangelische Kirche (Rostock, 1883); August Neander, sin Lebensbild (Leipsie, 1890); Die Theologie der Off'enbarung, ihr Wesen and ihre Aufgabe in der Gegenwart (Rostock, 1894); Die IrrtumsLoaigkeit Jesu (Gutersloh, 1908); and Unsere Quellen fiir das Leben Jesu Christi (1909). He prepared the