[See page image]
Page 277
277 RELIGIOUS ENCYCLOPEDIA Schultm
SCHULTHESS, shul'thess, JOHANNES: Swiss Protestant theologian; b. at Zurich Sept. 28, 1763; d. there Nov. 10, 1836. He studied theology at the Carolinum in Zurich. His main interest in early life was the development of the public school system. His Kinderbibel des Alien Testaments (Zurich, 1813) and Schweizerischer Kinderfreund (1812-13) were long valued text-books. In 1796 he became professor of Greek and Latin, in 1816 of theology, with the title and position of canon of the cathedral. He worked with great industry at the exegesis of the New Testament and wrote Exegetiach-theologische Forschungen (3 vols.,1818-24), and a commentary on James (1824). In collaboration with J. K. von Orelli he published Rationalismua and Supranaturalismue, Kanon, Tradition raid Skription (1822); and Revision des kirchlichen Lehrbegrifs (1826). For a time he edited the periodical Anttalen founded by Wachler. His critical historical views appear most clearly in his last work, Vorlesungen t?ber daa historische Christentum roach der arissenaehaftlicAen Ansicht des 19. Jahrhunderts (1837).
Schulthess took part in the controversy that broke out in the second decade of the nineteenth century concerning the Lord's Supper, and wrote Evangelische Lehre von dem freien Gnadenmahl, ein Beitrag zur Vereinigung der evangelischen Kircher; (1818), and Die evangelische Lehre room heiligen Abendmahl (1824). He regarded himself as the representative of the genuine Zwinglian doctrine and as such he opposed ultramontanism and "all mysticism and pietism." He wrote in 1815 Das Unchriatliche and Vernunftwidrige, geistig and sittlieh Ungesunde mehrerer Buchlein, die sea einiger Zeit von der Traktatgesellachaft in Basel and thren Preunden heimlich ausgestrent werden. He was preeminently of a polemical nature, although in private intercourse a genial companion and tolerant of the opinions of others. In contrast with his theological liberalism and progressiveness was his political conservatism. After the establishment of the Zurich university in 1833, he was appointed extraordinary professor of New-Testament exegesis and catechetics. Among his great services to science and the Church was his editing and publishing, together with his friend Schuler, the works of Zwingli (11 parts with supplement, Zurich, 1828-61).
BIHLioaxAPH7: J. Sehultheee (his eon), Denkschrift sur hundartjahripen Jubdfeier der Stiftunp dot aehulthtawher Familienfonds, Zurich, 1859; A. Schweizer, Biopraphiwhe Aufseichnunpen, ed. P. Schweizer, ib. 1889.
SCHULTZ, shiilts, FRIEDRICH WILHELM: Protestant theologian; b. at Friesack (33 m. n.w. of Potsdam), Mark Brandenburg, Sept. 24, 1828; d. at Breslau, 1888. He studied at Berlin, 1847-51; became privat-docent there, 1853; professor extraordinary, 1856; and ordinary professor, 1864, at Breslau. He wrote Das Deuteronomium erkldrt (Berlin, 1859); Die Sch6pfungsgeschichte mach Naturwissen8chaft and Bibel (Goths, 1865) ; the comments on Ezra. Nehemiah, and Esther, in J. P. Lange's Commentary (Bielefeld, 1876); and with W. Straek prepared the commentary on Psalms and Proverbs (Munich, 1888) in Kurzgefawtes Kommentar.
SCHULTZ, HERMANN: German Lutheran; b. at Lachow (37 m. s.e. of Liineburg) Dec. 30, 1836; d. at Gottingen May 15, 1903. He was educated at the universities of Gottingen and Erlangen (18531856), and, after being a private tutor at Hamburg for two years, returned to Gottingen as a lecturer in theology, becoming privat-docent in 1861. In 1864 he was called to Basel as full professor, and in 1872 accepted a similar position at the reorganised University of Strasburg. In 1874-76 he was professor of theology at Heidelberg, but in the latter year was recalled to Gottingen, where he passed the remainder of his life. He was created a consistorial counselor in 1881 and abbot of Bursfelde in 1890, and was also first university preacher and director of the seminary for practical theology, although his lectures were on the Old Testament and all departments of systematic theology.
In 1863 Schultz published at Frankfort the sec ond edition of H. A. C. HIZVernick's Vorlesungen fiber die Theologie des Alien Testaments, but his most im portant contribution to this theme was his Alttes tamentliche Theologie (2 vols., Frankfort, 1869; 5th ed., 1896; Eng. trans]. from the 4th ed. by J. A. Paterson, Edinburgh, 1892), in the succewivk edi tions of which he passed from the position of Ewald to that of Graf. Problems of Biblical theology often led him to discuss questions in systematic theology, as is shown by his Vorauasetzungen der christlichen Lehre von der Unaterblichkeit (Gt)ttin gen, 1861). The majority of the dogmatic studies of Schultz were connected with Christology and the cognate theme of the theory of the atonement, these investigations reaching their culmination in the Lehre von der Gottheit Christi (Goths, 1881), the conclusions of which were in substantial accord with the Communicatio idiomotum (q.v.), while the whole work, though independent of Ritschl, was distinctly Ritachlian in spirit. Of the other dogmatic con tributions of Schultz the most important was his Studien and Kritiken zur Lehre room heiligen Abend mahl (Goths, 1886), which was practically a defense of the old Lutheran position. The versatility and receptivity of his theology find an admirable ex emplification in his Grundriss der christlichen Apologetik (Gottingen, 1894; Eng. transl., London, 1905), which followed his Grundriss der evangelischen Dogmatik (Gottingen, 1890) and Grundrisa der evangelischen Ethik (1891). In these three works he sought to reach others than those who attended his lectures, and the same spirit of practical Christianity was manifested in his Zu den kirchlichen Frngen der Gegenwart (Frankfort, 1869), as well as in his volumes of sermons, Predigten, gehalten in der Uni. versitdttskirche zu Gdttingen (Goths, 1882) and Aus derv Universitdtagottesdienst (2 vols., Gottingen, 1902-03). He did not, however, establish a distinct school, although he never lacked pupils who gratefully acknowledged the debt which they owed him. (EBERHARD VISCHER.) BIB-n7: The Expository Tim". July. 1903; Bemis des Glaubens, Sept.-Oct., 1904.SCHULTZE, shillt'se, AUGUSTUS: Moravian; b. at Nowawes (a suburb of Potedam), Prussia, Feb. 3, 1840. He was graduated from the Moravian