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',875 RELIGIOUS ENCYCLOPEDIA Schott Schubert church history, and in 1761 was made associate professor. In 1767 he accepted a call to Wittenberg as professor of poetry, exchanging this chair in 1775 for that of history. Besides his Lebensbeschrei bungen beriihmter Gelehrter (Leipsic 1764-69), All gemeine Biographien (Berlin, 1767-91), and Christ liche Kirchengeschichte (see below), Schroekh revised four parts (on Italy, France, Holland, and Eng land) of a German tranal. of W. Guthrie and J. Gray's General History of the World (1770-76) and the fourth edition of L. Offerhaus's Compendium histories universalis (1778), and wrote his Lehrbuch der allgemeinen Weltgeschichte (1774), the fourth part (from 1750 to 1760) of the Unparteiische Kirchengeschichte Allen and Neuen Testaments (Jena, 1766), Historia religionis . et ecdesite Christiante adumbrata in usum lectionum (Berlin, 1777), and Allgemeine Weltgeschichte fur Kinder (4 vols., Leipsic, 1779-$4). By far his most important work, however, was his great Christliche Kirchengeschichte (45 vols., Leipsic, 1768-1812), the first thirty-five volumes extending to the Reformation, and the rest (of which the two final volumes were edited by H. G. Tzschimer after Schr6ckh's death) bearing the special title of Kirchengeschichte seit der Refor mation. The work is still of distinct value. The theological position of Schrbckh was one of modified supranaturalism, and his method, with its excellences and its defects, was essentially that of the period in which he lived, the period of the "Enlightenment" (q.v.). (J. A. WAGENMANNt.) BIBLjoattAPHY: An autobiographic sketch is in J. R. Cl. Beier's Allgemeine Mapazin fur Prediger, v. 2, pp 209 222, 12 vols., Leipsic, 1789-96. Consult further: K. H. Polite, Leben J. M. Schrackhs, Wittenberg, 1808; K. L. Nitzeoh, Ueber J. M. Sehr6ickha Studienweise and Maxi men, Weimar, 1809; H. G. Tzschimer, Ueber J. M. Schr6rkkhs Leben, Charakter, and Schriften, Laipsie, 1812. SCHROERS, shrArs, JOHANN HEINRICH: Ger man Roman Catholic; b. at Krefeld (20 m. s.w. of Essen) Nov. 26, 1852. He was educated at the universities of Bonn, WiArzburg, Innsbruck, and Munich (Ph.D., Wiirzburg, 1880); was engaged in parochial work in Munich (1880-55); became privat docent for canon law at the University of Freiburg (1886), whence he was called in 1886 to his present position of professor of church history in Bonn. He has written Der Streit uber die Prddestination im neunten Jahrhundert (Freiburg, 1880); Hinkmar, Embischof von Reims, aein Leben and seine Schriften (1884); and Kirche and Wissensehaft (Bonn, 1907). SCHUBERT, shu'bert, GOTTHILF HEINRICH VON: German Lutheran and naturalist; b. at Hohenstein (40 m. s.s.e. of Leipsic), Saxony, Apr. 26, 1780; d. at Munich June 30, 1860. Though in tended by his father for the ministry, the rational ism at Leipsic, where he began his theological studies, was so uncongenial to him that he devoted himself to medicine at Jena. For a time he was a physician at Altenburg, but feeling impelled to deeper study of the natural sciences, he went in 1805 to Freiburg, where he wrote the first part of his Ahnungen einer allgemeinen Geschichte des Lebens (Leipsic, 1806). In 1806 he removed to Dresden, and there completed the Ahnungen (1821), which was followed, a few years later, by the Sym-
bolik des Traumes (Bamberg, 1814), and the An^ sichten von der Nachtseite der Natur (Dresden, 1808). In 1809 he was made rector of the newly founded Realschule at Nuremberg. Here, too, through the influence of a master baker named Burger, Schubert again turned his thoughts to religion. For a time he was tutor to the children of the grand duke of Mecklenburg, Frederick Louis, and was also invited to become the director of a proposed normal school. The latter project fell through, however, because of the avowed intention of Schubert to give all his teaching a religious trend. He was, accordingly, glad to accept a call to Erlangen as professor of natural history, where he lectured not only on mineralogy, botany, and zoology, but also on forestry and mining. In 1820 he made a tour of Switzerland, and shortly after his return wrote the popular Lehrbuch der Naturgeschirhte fur Schulen (Erlangen, 1822), followed by the Physiognomik der Natur (1826). He then visited southern France and Italy, the results being embodied in a work of two volumes, and on his return accepted a call to the University of Munich. Here, despite some opposition, his lectures became immensely popular, and here he wrote his most important book, Geschichte der Seele (2 vols., Stuttgart, 1830). In 1836 he made a visit to Palestine, describing his experiences in a work of three volumes. Retiring from active life in 1853, Schubert devoted himself entirely to writing, the result being his Die Krankheiten der menschlichen Seele (Stuttgart, 1845); his autobiographical Der Erwerb am einem vergangenen and die Erwartungen von einem zukiinfgen Leben (3 vole., Erlangen, 1854-56); his Erinnerungen aus dem Leben . . . Herzogin von Orleans (Munich, 1860; Eng. transl., Reminiscences of the Life of . . . the Late Duchess of Orleans, Bath, 1862); and his Gesehiehte von Bayern far Schulen (1864). Among his very numerous other books, mention may be made of the Altes and Neues aus dem Gebiete der inneren Seelenkunde (Leipsie, 1817-44) ; G eschichte der Natur (Erlangen, 1830) ; Z uge aus Oberlins Leben (4th ed., Nuremberg, 1832); and Vermischte Schriften (2 vols., Erlangen, 1857-60.)
Btsnloonsett:: Consult, besides the autobiographic Der Erwerb, ut sup.: M. Zeller, Dr. Gotthilf Heinrich von Schubert's Jugendgeschichte, Stuttgart, 1880; idem, (phi(/ Heinrich von Schubert's Tapewerk and Feierabend, ib. 1882. SCHUBERT, HANS GEORG WILHELM VON: German Protestant; b. at Dresden Dec. 12, 1859. He was educated at the universities of Leipsic, Bonn, Strasburg, and Zurich (1878--83; Ph.D., Strasburg, 1884); was private tutor in Elberfeld (1883-84); studied theology at Tabingen and Halle (1884-86); was a teacher in the Rauhes Haus, Hamburg (1887-91); associate professor of church history at Strasburg (1891-92); professor of the same subject at the University of Kiel (1892-1906), and since 1906 at the University of Heidelberg, of which he was rector in 1910. Besides revising the second edition of the first volume of W. M611er's Lehrbuch der Kirchengeschichte (3 parts, Tobingen, 1897-1902), he has written Die Unterwerfung der Alamannen unter die Franken (Strasburg, 1884); Roma Kampf um die Weltherrschaft (Halls, 1888);