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278 RELIGIOUS ENCYCLOPEDIA Scholt~a 8obortinghuio ized by a blind impulse which actualizes itself in the infinite variety of living forms in the world. The " will to live" describes this all-impelling force. Hence arises the fierce instinct of self-pres ervation by which every individual is ruled, and also the relentless warfare in which every individual both seeks to defend himself and to devour others. If in man the intelligence is more fully developed and the sensibilities more refined, this only deepens his consciousness not alone of actual but also of imagined and therefore of possible misery. The more complex the life, the more aggravated the wretchedness. Not joy, but unhappiness is life's positive content. Even freedom from pain results in ennui. Morality is impossible. The instinct of self-preservation becomes self-seeking, vanity, hy pocrisy; and however the will may seem to be re fined by culture, this is only apparent; it is hope lessly fettered and can not be changed by training. History but confirms the impression made by an analysis of man's nature. A hope of redemption appears to be offered by science, and especially by art, which opens the door to contemplation in which the intense struggle for existence is momentarily stilled. But even this promise is illusory; for the initiated it simply puts off the evil day, for all others it is wholly unavailing. The only sure path to emancipation lies in renouncing the will to live. He who beholds all others in this vast vortex and knows that for them as well as for himself deliverance can come only through supreme and final renuncia tion of the principium individuationis, will dedicate himself to asceticism, to disillusionment as to pleas ure, to total abstention from sexual intercourse and ultimately from food. C. A. Bzecswrra.

BIBLIOGRAPHY: English transls. other than those noted in the text are: Select Essays, Milwaukee, 1881; Religion: a Dialogue, and other Essays, London, 1889 (from Parerpa). The Wisdom of Life, being the First Part of . . . A phorismen zur Lebenaweisheit, i b. 1890; Counsels and Maxima: Being the second Part of . . . Aphoriamen sur Lebenaweis heit, ib. 1890; The Art of Controversy, New York, 1890; Selected Essays, London, 1891 (in Bohn's Philosophical Library); The Art of Literature, London, 1891; Studies in Pessimism, ib. 1891, 7th ed., 1908; On Human Nature, London and New York, 1897, 3d ed., 1908; and The Basis of Morality, London, 1903.

As sources for a life use: Briefweched s wischen Arthur Schopenhauer and Johann Aug. Becker, ad. J. K. Becker, Leipeie, 1881; Schopenhauer-Briefs, ad . L. Sehnm._o, ib. 1893; Briefe an Becker, Frauenatadt, Van Does, Lindner and Asher, ed. Grisebach, Leipsic, 1895. On his life consult: J. Frauenat-sdt and E. O. Lindner, Arthur Schopen hausr: van ihm, fiber ihn, Berlin, 1883; W. Gwinner, Schopenhauer and seine Preunds, Leipsie, 1883; D. Asher, Arthur Schopenhauer: Nauss von i4m und fiber ihn, Berlin, 1871; H. Frommann, Arthur Schopenhauer, Jena, 1872; W. Gwinner, Arthur Schopenhauer Gus pera6nlichem Umgange dargeatellt, Leipsie. 1878; K. Bgh1, Geaprdche and Briefwmhael m it A. Schopenhauer, Leipaie, 1894; ADS, aaxii.333-348.

On his philosophy consult: F. Dorguth, Schopenhauer in seiner Wahrheit, Magdeburg, 1845; C. Bartholmees, Histoire critique des doctrines religieuses do la philoaophie moderns, vol. ii., Strasburg, 1855; A. Cornill, Arthur Schopenhauer ale sine Ueberganpaformotion von einer idealiatischen in eine rmliatische Weltanschauung. Heidelberg, 1858; C. G. Bahr, Die whopenhauer'sche P hilo8o phie in ihren Grundzitgen, Dresden, 1857; R. Seydel, Schopenhauers philosophiaches System, Leipsic, 1857; G. de Spiegel, L'Esprit de to philosophic de Schopenhauer, Darmstadt, 1863; R. Haym, Arthur Schopenhauer, Ber lin, 1884; C. A. Thilo. 8ehopenhausrs athischer Atheiamus,

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Leipaio, 1888; W. Seheffer, Arthur Schopenhauer: die Philasophie van hd Pessimism, Leyden, 1870; A. von Wurzbaoh, Artur Schopsnhauer. Vienna, 1871; A. Taubert, Der Pesaimiamus and wine Gagner, Berlin, 1873; M. venetianer, Schopa4auer ale Scholastiker. i b. 1873; J. Huber, Der Pesvimismua, Munich, 1878; T. Trouts, Der Pesaimismua: seine Bepranduny in der neueren Phaosophie, Csrleruhe,1878; Helen Zimmern.ArthurSdopenhauer: his Life and his Philosophy, London, 1876; F. Bowen, Modern Philosophy. From Descartes to Schopenhauer and Hart mann, New York, 1877; E. Ddhring, Der Werth den Lebena, 2d ed., Breslau, 1877; idem, Rritische G eachichte der Philoaoghie, Berlin, 3d ad., Leipsic, 1878; E. von Hartaann, Neukantianismue. Schopenhauerianismua and Hegelianiamue in ihrer Stellung su den philoaophiachen Aufgaben der Gegenwart, Berlin, 1877; E. Herrmann, Woher and wohin f Sehapenhauee a A ntwort auf die letzten Lebenafrapen, Bonn, 1877; J. Sully, Pessimism: a History and a Criticism, London, 1877; L. von Golther, Der moderns P eaaimismus, Leipsie, 1878; E. Caro, Le Peasimiame au sir. eiade: Leopardi, Schopenhauer, H artmann, Paris, 1879; P. Mainlrinder, Die Philosophic der Erl6sung, Berlin, 1879; L. Ducros, Schopenhauer: lea oripinaa de so mfphysique, ou lea traneformationa de la .. chose en aoi" do Rant d Schopenhauer, Paris, 1883; R. Koeber, Die Phi7oaophia Arthur Schopenhauera, Heidelberg, 1888; O. Cramer, A. Schopenhauera Lehre von der Schuld in ethiechen Besiehunpen, ib. 1895; W . Caldwell, Schopenhauer'a System in its Philosophical Significance, Edinburgh and New York, 1898; S. S. Colvin, Schopenhauer'e Doctrine of as Thing in Itself, Strasburg, 1897; R. Bbttger, Dos Grundproblem der sehopenhauer'achen Philosophic, Gre;fewald. 1898; O. Damm, Schopenhauers Bthik, Anna berg, 1898; M. Joseph, Die payeholopische Grundanschau unp Schopenhauera, i b. 1898; W. Deutsehthamler, Ueber Schopenhauer su Kant, Vienna, 1899; P. J. Mbbius, Ueber Schopenhauer. Leipsie, 1899; S. Rappaport, Spirwza and Sehopenhauer. Berlin . 1899; E. Clemens, Schopenhauer and Spinoza, Leipsic, 1900; R. Saitachick, Genie and Charaktar, Shakespeare, Leasing, Schopenhauer, Berlin, 1900; J. Volkelt, Arthur Schopenhauer, Stuttgart, 1900; O. Damm, Schopanhauer'a Rechts- and Staataphiloaophie, Halle, 1901; T. B. Saunders, Schopenbauer, London and New York, 1901; R. Schluter, Schopenhauera Philoaophie in seiner Briefen, Leipsie, 1901; E. Hubbard, Schopen hauer, London, 1905; D. Irvine, Defence of Pessimism, ib. 1905; A. Kowalen.ki, Arthur Schopenhauer and seine Weltanschauung, Halle, 1908; T. Whittaker, Schopenhauer, ib. 1909; R. Basaxdiian, Schopenhauer der Philosoph des Optimismua. Leipeic, 1909; G. F. Wagner. Ency klopddiwhea Register su Schopenhauera Werken, Carleruhe, 1909; J. MOhiethaler, Die Mystik bei Schopenhauer, Ber lin, 1910; G. Wang, Schopenhauer. Darwin. P essimismua Oder optimismus, ib. 1910; the works on the history of philosophy by E. Zeller, Munich. 1873; J. E. Erdmann, London, 1898; W. Windelband, New York, 1893; and Ueberweg-Heinze, Berlin, 1905.

SCHORTINGGHUIB, shor"ting'hwls, WILLEM: Dutch Reformed poet and theologian; b. at Winechoten (21 m. e.s.e. of Groningen) Feb. 23, 1700; d. at Midwolda (18 m. e. of Groningen) Nov. 20, 1750. He was educated at the University of Groningen (1719-22), and early in 1723 became second preacher at Weener in East Frisia, where his antipathy to Pietism was changed to admiration by his senior, Henricus Klugkist. Through the exertions of the two, the pietistic movement spread widely in the province among Lutherans and Reformed alike, promoting both the inward and the outward prosperity of the church. In 1734 Schortinghuis was called to the pastorate of Midwolda, where he passed the remainder of his life, successfully promoting the cause of true piety. Though far from being a poet, Schortinghuis began his literary career by his GewWike gesangen (1733), which was soon followed by his Betwnddike ge8angen, hymns of edifying and didactic purport which long