long the Quostiones ex Vetere et Novo Testamento, probably composed by Hilary. The manuscripts contain numerous collections on "difficulties," mostly anonymous. In Codex Vindobonensis XXIX. are the " Answers " of Severus of Antioch to Eupraxius, while in the Moscow manuscript of Arethas is a related work of similar form.

Comparatively few scholia have as yet been printed, though those of Clement, Origen, Eusebius, Athanasius, Cyril, and others have been excerpted

from the catenas, and individual anong. Editions. ymous compositions have been edited.

The tasks preliminary to a corpus of Biblical scholia are many and difficult, involving the determination of which scholia are excerpts, what is their relation to their sources, the deviations of their transmission, the problem as to which scholia are original and hence independent sources, the interests and tendencies revealed in the scholia, and the relation of the scholia to the text as either corrupting it or preserving it. The first attempt to make a comprehensive collection of patristic scholia was by J. Gregorius, in his posthumous Scholia Gregoriana (ed. J. E. Grabe, Oxford, 1703), the chief sources being Origen, Chrysostom, Theodore of Mopsuestia, (Ecumenius, Theophylact, and Nicetas. A similar attempt was made by E. W. Grinfield's Novum Testamentum Grwcu»t (4 vols., London, 1843-48), the first two volumes paralleling each verse with the Septuagint, and the latter two containing parallels from Philo, Josephus, the Apostolic Fathers, the New Testament Apocrypha, etc. The parallels in Wetstein's edition of the New Testament (2 vols., Amsterdam, 1752) also have the value of a collection of scholia. The patristic scholia, so far as they can be referred to specific authors, are contained in the great editions of the Church Fathers, and in the collections of Montfaucon (Collectio nova patrum, 2 vols., Paris, 1706), A. Mai (Patrum nova bibliotheca, 8 vols., Rome, 18441871), and J. B. Pitra (Spieilegium Sdesmense, 4 vols., Paris, 1852-58, and Analecta sacra, Paris, 1876 sqq.). These are mostly fragments derived from catenas, and the same scholia are sometimes represented by different recensions, as the scholia of Eusebius on Luke, of which Mai gives three texts. The fragments of Hippolytus on the Pentateuch, the historical books, Psalms, Proverbs, Ecclesiastes, Isaiah, and Ezekiel are edited by H. Achelis in his edition of Hippolytus (I., ii. 1-194, Leipsic, 1897). The fragments of Origen on the Octateuch, Job, Psalms, Proverbs, Isaiah, Jeremiah, Ezekiel, and Daniel are given by Pitra in his Analecta sacra (ii. 349-350, iii. 1-364, 523-527, 538-551), and scholia of Origen and Eusebius on Psalms i.-cxviii (ib., 369-520) ; E. Klostermann has edited the scholia of Origen on Jeremiah, Lamentations, and Samuel in the third volume of his edition of Origen (Leipsic, 1901). Scholia of Eusebius on the Psalms are given by Montfaucon (ut sup., i. 1-2) and Mai (ut sup., IV., i. 65-66), scholia of Athanasius on Job and the Psalms by Pitra (Analecta, v. 3-27), scholia of Basil and Hilary on the Psalms by the same scholar (op. cit., 76-104, 141-144), end anonymous scholia on Psalms i.-xiii. by C. F. de Mattha!i (Leo-

of Capua's collection of Scholia veterum patrum is edited by Pitra (Spicilegium, i. 265-276; the same volume [pp. 18-20] also containing anonymous scholia on Proverbs). Mai (ut sup., vii. 2) has given scholia from Origen, Didymus, Hippolytus, Apollinarius, and Polychronius on Proverbs, Isaiah, and Ezekiel, as well as the fragments of Cyril of Alexandria on Proverbs, the Song of Solomon, and Daniel (ii. 468-469, iii. 137-138). The scholia of Chrysostom on Kings, Job, Proverbs, Jeremiah, and Daniel are contained in MPG, Ixiv. 193-194, 501502. A special type of scholion is presented in the Ezpositio interlinearis in Job ascribed to Jerome (MPL, xxiv. 1475-76), in the Qucestiones Hebraic in Genesin (ib. 983-984), and In libros Regum et Paralipomendn (ib. 1391-92).

Among New Testament scholia mention should be made of the fragments of Clement's Hypotyposeis (ed. T. Zahn, Supplementum Clementinum, pp. 6465, Erlangen, 1884), of Origen and Apollinarius on Luke (Mai, Auctores dassici, x. 474-

BIBLIOGRAPHY: H. F. von Soden, Die Schriften des N. T.a in ihrer 81teaten erreichbaren Textgestalt, i. 293-294, Berlin, 1902; G. Karo and J. Lietzmann, in the Nachrichten of the Gbttingen Royal Society of Sciences, philosophicalhistorical class, 1902, parts 1-3; J. E. Sandys, Hist. of Classical Scholarship, Cambridge, 1903.

SCHOLTEN, JAN HENDRIg: Dutch Protestant theologian; b. at Vleuten, near Utrecht, Aug. 17, 1811; d. at Leyden Apr. 10, 1885. He was educated at the University of Utrecht (1828-35), interrupting his studies in 1830 to Serve in the cam-