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chau~r

Literatur og Kunst (1869-70); became docent in ethics in the university 1867, and professor 1870. In 1872-74 he published his most important work, Menneskehed og Kristendom, in two volumes, a philosophy of history. Other theological publications are Jacob B6hmes Theosophie (1879); Den lutherske Dogmatik overfor Nutidens kirkelige og videnakabelige Krav (1883), the address at the university celebration of the fourth centenary of Luther's birth; Christelig Saxlelaere efter evangeliskluthersk Opfattelse (2 vols., 1884--86), a systematic treatment of ethics; Religionens Stilling i det menr neskelige Aands- og Sjceleliv (1897) ; and Det svundne og det Vundne, Tanker og Overvejelser ved Aarhundredskiftet (1903). In theology Scharling is a confessional Lutheran, opposed to the Grundtvig school of theology, somewhat inclined to polemics, in the interest of which he has written several works, and is fearless in controversy. He has not confined his literary activities to theology. Thus he is the author (under the pseudonym of Nicolai) of Ved Nytaarstid i N6ddebo Pr&estegaard (1862; many Danish editions and translations into German, French, and English, Noddebo Parsonage, 2 vols., London, 1867), characteristic of Danish thought and personality; he wrote also the novel Uffe Hjelm og Palle Loves Bedrifter (1866); the biography of Christian IX. and Queen Louise (1895-98). His The Rivals, or, Love and War (London, 1869), and Nieolai's Marriage (2 vols, London, 1876) are other works which have appeared in English. JOHN O. EVJEN.

BIHLIoaRAPHY: Biographies are by A. Lindeblad, Lund, 1837, Germ. transl., Leipsic, 1842; and H. M. Melin, Stockholm, 1&38.

SCHAUFFLER, shbf'ler, ADOLF FREDERICK: Presbyterian; b. at Constantinople, Turkey, Mar. 7, 1845. He was educated at Williams College (A.B., 1867), Union Theological Seminary (18681869), and Andover Theological Seminary (18691871), and from 1872 to 1887 was pastor of Olivet Presbyterian Church, New York City. Since 1887 he has been superintendent, and since 1902 president, of the New York City Mission and Tract So-

ciety, and has also been chairman of the New York State Sunday-school Association since 1899 and secretary of the International Sunday-school Lesson Commission since 1902. In theology he is a conservative. He has written Ways of Working (Boston, 1891); The Teacher, the Child, and the Book (1900); The Pastor as Leader of Sunday-school Forces (Nashville, 1903); Sparks from a Superintendent's Anvil; practical Helper for every Sundayachool Worker (1909); and Knowing and Teaching the Scholar (1910).

SCHAUFFLER, ALBERT HENRY: Missionary, "Apostle to the Slavs of the United States, " brother of the preceding, and son of William Gottlieb Schauffler; b. at Constantinople, Turkey, Sept. 4, 1837; d. at Cleveland, Ohio, Feb. 15, 1905. He came to America, Apr., 1855, to enter Williams College, and graduated therefrom in 1859. After completing a course in Andover Seminary (1861) he studied a year (1862) at Harvard Law School in preparation for teaching at Robert College, Constantinople. On his return to Turkey, he became professor of law for two years in that institution; but a preference for missionary work led to his ordination, on June 3, 1865, at Pera, Constantinople, and his employment by the American Board in that city until 1870. While he was in America on furlough (1872), the American Board induced him to open the Austrian mission field. He located at Prague for two years (1872-74) and then at Briinn, Moravia, for seven years (1874--81). He was influential in obtaining from the Emperor Francis Joseph a decree which gave to Protestant churches and to the Young Men's Christian Association a fair amount of religious freedom in the Austrian Empire.

Obliged by affliction to return to America (1881) he was persuaded to undertake mission work among Bohemians settled in Cleveland, Ohio. He began work in Olivet Chapel in 1882, and in 1883 was appointed superintendent of Slavic missions in the United States under the Congregational Home Missionary Society. He organized Bethlehem (Bohemian) Congregational Church, Cleveland, Ohio (1888) ; opened Bohemian missions at St. Louis, Mo., Iowa City, Ia., Crete; Neb., Milwaukee, Wis., and Silver Lake, Minn.; Slovak missions in Pittsburg and its suburbs; Polish missions at Cleveland, O., Detroit, Mich., and Bay City, Mich., besides furnishing inspiration, counsel, and workers to other denominations which desired to enter where Congregationalists could not undertake such work. To carry forward this Slavic work he founded two new institutions for the training of Slavic workers, the Slavic department of Oberlin College for the training of ministers, and the Bethlehem Bible and Missionary Training School. for women, as Bible readers.

He consecrated to missionary service a rare ability. His vigorous constitution withstood peril, persecution, and incessant toil. His disciplined mind tolerated only methodic, exact work, which he performed with unusual despatch. He was resourceful and cautious, and where diplomacy of a high order was required, his honest, fearless, and