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broad grasp of the situation secured for him success and the lasting respect of his opponents. He served the interest of foreign and home missionary work, especially as a linguist. His mastery of languages enabled him to begin work at once in the Austrian field and later to meet the incoming foreigner to America with a greeting in his mother tongue. H_ had a warm, sympathetic, and generous heart, and a moral earnestness which befitted his stability of character and conscientiousness.
Missionary, father of the preceding; b. at Stuttgart, Wurttemberg, Aug. 22,1798; d. at New York Jan. 26, 1883. In 1804 his father removed to Odessa, South Russia. In 1820 he resolved to devote himself to missionary work and in 1826 emigrated to America and studied at Andover, 1826-31. Under the care of the American Board, he went to Conatantinople, where he resided and labored, 1831-74. He was particularly interested in the conversion of the Jews, and for their benefit revised and superintended the publication of the Old Testament in Hebrew-Spanish (at Vienna, 1839-42). But his great work was the translation of the whole Bible into Osmanli-Turkish, the language of the educated Turks. This occupied him eighteen years. For his services to the German colony at Constantinople he was decorated by King William of Prussia. After 1877 he lived in New York. He was a remarkable linguist, being familiar with nineteen languages and able to preach extemporaneously in German, Italian, French, English, Spanish, and Turkish. He published Meditations on the Last Days of Christ (Boston, 1837).
BIBLIOGRAPHY: His Autobiography was edited by his sons, with introduction by E. A. Park, New York, 1888.
SCHAUMBURG-LIPPE, shaum'burg-lip'pe: A German principality bounded by the Prussian provinces of Hanover and Westphalia; capital Backeburg; area 131 square miles; population (1905) 45,000, most of whom are Lutherans. In its present extent the principality dates from 1640. Like Lippe (q.v.) the country was Christianized in the time of Charlemagne, and was under the influence of Rome during the Middle Ages. Owing to the fact that nearly all the counts of the house of Schaumburg held high positions in the Roman Church, the Reformation made its way into the country at a comparatively late date. However, in the decade following 1560 the country became Evangelical, and the Mecklenburg Church Order of 1552 was adopted. In 1614 Prince Ernest promulgated a new church order which was only mildly Lutheran. From 1636 the reigning family at Biickeburg has adhered to the Reformed faith, though the population as a whole has remained Lutheran. The Lutherans have eilghteen parishes, under a superintendent and two district superintendents, and recently their consistorial constitution has been supplemented after the modern synodal plan. The Retormed Church, on the other hand, with a parish at Bilckeburg and another at Stadthagen, has belonged to the federation of Reformed churches in Lower Saxony for two hun-
dred years. The Roman Catholics likewise have two parishes with full parochial rights.
SCHECHTER, sheH'ter, SOLOMON: AngloAmerican Hebrew scholar; b. at Fokshani (100 m. n.e. of Bucharest), Rumania, Dec. 7, 1847. He was educated in the Talmudical school of Vienna and at the universities of the same city and Berlin. In 1882 he went to England as tutor in rabbinics to Claude G. Montefiore and eight years later was appointed lecturer on the Talmud at the University of Cambridge, where he became reader in rabbinics in the following year. In 1893 he visited Italy and five years later went to Egypt and Palestine, discovering in Cairo the valuable Genizah collection of Hebrew manuscripts, including the Hebrew original of parts of Ecclesiasticus. In 1898 he was appointed external examiner in Victoria University, Manchester, and in 1899 became professor of Hebrew at University College, London. Since 1902 he has been president of the Jewish Theological Seminary of America, New York City. He has edited Abot de Rabbi Natan (Vienna, 1887); The Wisdom of Ben Sira: Portions of the Book of Ecclesiasticus from Hebrew Manuscripts in the Cairo Genizah Collection (in collaboration with C. Taylor (Cambridge, 1899); Midrash hag-Gadol (1902); and Documents of Jewish Sectaries (2 vols., Cambridge, 1910). He has written Studies in Judaism (two series, 1896-1908) ; and Some Aspects of Rabbinic Theology (1909). For a time he was Talmudical editor of The Jewish Encyclopedia.
SCHEEL, sh6l, JUERGEN OTTO EINAR IMMANUEL: German Protestant; b. at Tondern (25 m. n.w. of Flensburg), Sleswick-Holstein, Mar. 7, 1876. He was educated at the universities of Halle (1895-97) and Kiel (1897-99; lie. theol., 1900), and was privat-docent for systematic theology at the latter institution from 1900 to 1905, when he was made titular professor. Since 1906 he has been associate professor of church history at the University of Tabingen. In theology he belongs to the modern historical and critical school, and has written: Die Anschauung Augustin's von Christi Person and Werke (Tubingen, 1901); Luthers Stellung zltr heiligen Sehrift (1902); Wie erhalten wir das Erbe der Reformation in den geistigen Kdmpfen der GegenwartP (Leipsie, 1904); Die dogmatische Behandlung der Tauftehre in der modernen positiven Theologie (Tabingen, 1906); Individualismus and Gemeinschaftsleben in der Auseinandersetzung Luthers mit Karlstadt, 15.2-25 (1907); and Die moderne Religionspsychologie (1908); besides editing the Enchiridion of St. Augustine (Tdbingen, 1903), and the first two supplementary volumes to the Berlin edition of the works of Luther (Berlin, 1905).
SCHEELE, sh61'e, gNUT HENNING GEZELIUS VON: Swedish Lutheran; b. at Stockholm, Sweden, May 31, 1838; graduated at Upsala; became privat-docent, 1865; provost, 1877; ordinary member of consistory, 1878; professor, 1879; inspector of the teachers' seminary, 1880; censor of the demission examinations in the Swedish upper