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8chap eler THE NEW SCHAFF -HERZOG 226 Schau~er stanten (Regensburg, 1900), he wrote a commentary on the Gospels (4 vols., Freiburg, 1879-85) ; Nicola= von Cusa als Mathematiker (Rottweil, 1872); Die astronomischen Anschauungen des Nicolaus von Cusa and seiner Zeit (1873); Galileo Galilei and sein Prozess (Wiirzburg, 1878); Apologie des Christentums (3 parts, Freiburg, 1887-88); Die Lehre von den heiligen Sacramenten der katholischen Kirche (1893); Moderne Apologetik (Frankfort, 1903). SCHAPPELER, sha'pel-er, CHRISTOPH: Re former in South Germany; b. at St. Gall (19 m. s.e. of Constance), Switzerland, in 1472; d. there Aug. 25, 1551. Nothing is known of his education, except that it followed the scholastic vogue. He was en gaged at the Latin school at St. Gall, 1493-1513; became preacher at the chief church at Memmingen, Upper Swabia, 1513, where with rare eloquence and upright life he fearlessly set himself against the priesthood of the older faith, as well as against private and public evils. At the approach of the Reformation, he deliberately made his choice, and cast his lot with Zwingli and his colleagues, intro ducing the movement in his city. Laying stress upon the Bible as the source of faith and ordinances, he attacked the mass, the claims of the pope, and the orders of the Roman Catholic Church. The writings of the Reformers were spread abroad, along with copies of the Scriptures, especially the New Testament; but the council could not be pre vailed upon to interfere, since the movement had caught hold of the imagination of the people. On Feb. 27, 1524, the bishop of Augsburg excommu nicated Schappeler, with the result of the greatest public excitement at Memmingen. On Dec. 7, 1524, he administered holy communion in both species and celebrated baptism in the German language. Finally a public disputation was held, Jan. 2-7, 1525, in which Schappeler presented his profession in seven articles: he renounced (1) the oral confes sional; (2) supplication to Mary and the saints; (3) the practise of tithes; (4) the sacrificc of the mass, which he regarded as a memorial; (5) pur gatory; (6) he demanded the Eucharist in both kinds; (7) he proclaimed the universal priesthood of believers. He overwhelmed his adversaries with Scripture. Practical results followed. The council, after taking advice from other scholars in neighbor ing towns, approved the marriage of the clergy, permitted monks and nuns to abandon the cloisters, subjected the priests to taxation and civil. jurisdic tion, forbade the tithe of the laity, and abolished the mass. Schappeler attracted not only an en thusiastic following in the town but also among the peasants of the surrounding country, who were op pressed with economic and legal grievances. As the author of the famous twelve articles, he had a prominent part in the impending Peasants' war (q-v.). His Swiss nature had asserted itself in his attitude on social and political affairs. From the beginning he spore on behalf of the lower classes, and was wont to appeal over the heads of the council to the whole community of #tizens. The council's admonition only made him more discreet. From the year 1523
he vigorously opposed the right of demanding tithes, but he warned the peasants repeatedly against resort to violence. He took no part, personally, in the peasant parliament of the delegates of the three groups of Algau, Lake Constance, and Baltringen in 1525 at Memmingen, but from Schappeler proceeded undoubtedly the demand that in the new order of things, both ecclesiastical and civil, a basis must be sought in divine law. He thoroughly approved of peasant organization in order to carry out this theoretical demand. The proposal for a Christian union of peasants that his friend and follower, Sebastian Lotzer, unsuccessfully tried to carry out, thwarted by the Swabian League, may be regarded as a scheme of Schappeler's. The authorship of the twelve articles has been variously attributed, partly because Schappeler subsequently did not acknowledge them and partly because of the failure to notice the inner resemblance to the ten articles submitted by the Memnungen peasants to the council, Feb. 23-Mar. 3, 1525, of which the former seem an enlarged and more refined version. Nevertheless, the ten articles must be taken as a sublimation of the long-continued public instruction of Schappeler. When the parliament met, Mar. 6-30, the ten articles were taken as the basis for the Christian union, and they had to be revised and strengthened by the support of Scripture. Ili hether Schappeler performed this of his own accord or was prompted by Lotzer or other leaders remains uncertain. At any rate they appeared in print. Two elements were embodied; ecclesiastical freedom, and release from intolerable feudalistic burdens. Moreover, the Swabian League, under the implacable Leonhard von Ech, refused all discussion, and in the confusion it took advantage of a long-cherished desire for an armed invasion of the imperial city, under pretense that Memmingen was the breeding-place of disturbance and Schappeler the chief agitator, to be visited with a bloody penalty. The latter left the city secretly and took refuge at St. Gall. In 1532 the congregation sought his recall by the council in vain. After two years the council consented to the surrender of his library and to an indemnity of one hundred florins (about $45). Later he was preacher at Luisibfihl and at St. Mang in
j St. Gall. (w. VOGT.)BIBLIOGRAPHY: F. Dobel, Memminpen in Rejormationsatter, 5 parts, Augsburg, 1877-78 (part 1 deals with Schappeler); C. A. Cornelius, Studien zur Geachichte des Bauernkr%egea, Munich, 1881; E. Rohling, Die Reichatadt Memminpen %n der Zeit der evangeliaehen Volksbewegung, ib., 1884; A. Stem, Ueber die 18 Artikel der Bauern, Leipatc, 1868; F. L. Baumann, Die oberachwttbiachen Bauern . . . and d%e 1>S Arlikel. Kempten. 1871; w. Vogt, Die bayriache Po1%Eik %m Bauernkrdeg. NtSrdlingen. 1883; Cambridge Modern History, u. 180, 177, 179; and the literature under Pswewarre' WAR.
SCHARLIPG, shdr'ling, CARL HENRIK: Danish theologian; b. in Copenhagen May 3, 1836. He studied at the University of Copenhagen (candidate in theology, 1859); spent the years 1860-63 in extensive travel, a result of which was the publication of Breve fra Holland (1864); Grtekertland (1866); and En Pilgrimsfterd i det hellige Land (1876); was editor of Ugeblad for den danske Folkekirke (18651868), and of Dansk Tsdsskrift for Kirke- og Folkeliv,