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225 RELIGIOUS ENCYCLOPEDIA Schaff Schanz dresses in Germany and through publications he was also the chief interpreter of American thought to the German religious public. This intermediary relationship was recognized on both sides of the sea, and in the address presented to him by the the ological faculty of Berlin in 1892, on the fiftieth anniversary of his activity as a teacher, he was com pared to Martin Butzer, who had carried the learn ing of the continent to England in the time of the Reformation, and also to Jerome, who translated the Greek Scriptures into Latin, because of his services in the cause of Biblical scholarship. As a theological writer he was prolific. He wrote and edited numerous works in the departments of exe gesis, the chief of which was the American edition of Lange's Bibelwerk (25 vols., New York); pro paedeutic; hymnology (Christ in Song, 1868; en larged by his son, 2 vols., 1897); symbolics (The Creeds of Christendom, 3 vols., 1877); also Through Bible Lands (1878); A Companion to the Greek Testament crud the English Version (1883); The Teaching of the Twelve Apostles (1885). Church history was his most fruitful study, and he followed his Apostolic Church with a history of the Church down to 1073, and passing over the intervening period brought out two rich volumes on the German and Swiss Reformation respectively. He originated the American Society of Church History (1888), and arranged for the authorship and publication by it of the American Church History Series (13 vols., 1893 aqq.). He edited the series of Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers (28 vols). He edited the first edition of this Encyclopedia (3 vols., 1884) and its companion, afterward combined with it, The Ency clopedia of Living Divines (1886). His last public appearance was in Chicago at the Parliament of Religions, Sept. 22, 1893. He sat upon the platform while his paper on Christian Union was being read. The inscription on his tomb stone presents the salient features of his career: "A teacher of theology for fifty years. Historian of the Church. President of the American Committee of Bible Revision. He advocated the reunion of Christendom." His great learning was held in the service of piety. He regarded love as the central principle of theology; and with a tolerant mind, which sacrificed none of the fundamental tenets of his own Reformed faith, he labored for fellowship and cooperation among all classes of Christian be lievers, among the Greek and Roman Catholics as well as among the numerous communions of Prot estants. His motto was Christianus sum. Chris tiani nihil a me alienum puto; and his last confes sion, "I am a sinner, and place my trust in my Savior who died for me." DAVID S. SCHAFF. BIBLIOGRAPHY: D. S. Schaff, The Life of Phitig Scha$, New York, 1897. SCHAITBERGER, shait'bdrH-er, JOSEPH: Lead er of the Protestants driven from the valleys about Salzburg in the persecution instituted in 1683 by Archbishop Maximilian Gandolf (see SALZBURG, EVANGELICALS OF); b. at Diirnberg, near Hallein (9 m. s.s.e. of Salzburg), Mar. 19, 1658; d. at Nurem berg Oct. 2, 1733. Though a simple miner, he studied deeply Luther's and Canisius's catechisms X.-15 and attained a rich spiritual life. It was he who drew up on the archbishop's requirement the con fession of faith for his Protestant friends and neighbors because of which they were driven from their homes in the winter of 1685. With his wife Schaitberger found refuge in Nuremberg and sup ported himself there as wood-worker and wire drawer. During his last years he was a pensioner of the Carthusian monastery. He made many journeys through the valleys about Salzburg at no small personal risk, exhorting and encouraging the Protestants who had remained behind, and he wrote for them a number of missives treating questions of Christian faith and life which (twenty-four in number) were ultimately collected and printed as Evangelischer Sendbrief (Nuremberg, 1702). The book soon became known throughout all Germany and is still read. A poem of his, written in his native dialect on occasion of his exile and begin ning "A poor exile am I," expresses the longing for home with true pathos, yet breathes a joyous trust in God. It has found place in many hymn books. (HERTIANN BECK.)

BIBLIOGRAPHY: J. G. Schellhom, De religionis eoangelicd in provincia Salzburgensi ortu et factis, Leipsic 1732· J. Moser, Salzburger Emigrationsakten, Frankfort, 1732; C. F. Arnold, Die Vertreibung der Salzburger Protestanten, Leipsie, 1900; idem, Die Ausrottung des Protestantismus in Salzburg, Halle, 1900-01; C. Grosse, Die alten Trdster, Hermannsburg, 1900.

SCHALL, shill, JOHANN ADAM: German astronomer and Jesuit; b. at Cologne 1591; d. in China Aug. 15, 1666. He was educated in the Collegium Germanicum in Rome; entered the order of the Jesuits, and was in 1628 sent as a missionary to China, where he remained to his death. He reformed the Chinese calendar, acquired the confidence of the Chinese government, and translated into Chinese many mathematical treatises, interlarded with religious and Christian discussions. He also wrote Historica missionis soeietatis Jesu apud Chinenses (Vienna, 1665).

G. H. KLIPPELt.

BIBLIOGRAPHY: A. and A. de Backer, Bibliothkue de la compagnie de J_sus, ed. C. %mmervogel, vii. 705 sqq., Paris, 1896; A. Kircher, China monumentis . . . illuatrata, pp. 104 aqq., Amsterdam, 1667; KL, x. 1754-56.

SCHANZ, ahfints, PAUL VON: German Roman Catholic; b. at Herb (20 m. s.w of Tiibingen), Wurttemberg, Mar. 4, 1841; d. at Tubingen June 1, 1905. He was educated at the universities of Berlin and Tiibingen (Ph.D., 1866) and at the theological seminary of Rottenburg (1865-66); was lecturer at the Wilhelmstift, Tiibingen (1867-70); acting professor of mathematics and science at the gymnasium of Rottweil (1870-72); and full professor of the same subjects in that institution until 1876. After 1876 he was connected with-the University of Tiibingen, first as professor of New-Testament exegesis (1876-83) and later as professor of dogmatics and apologetics (since 1883). In addition to being joint editor of the Theologische Quartalschrift and editing Al. von Aberle's Einleitung in dccs Neue Testament (Freiburg, 1877) and the fifth edition of J. A. M6hler's Neue Untersuchungen der Lehrgegensdtze zwischen den Katholiken and Prote-