[See page image]

Page 60

press in Halle by Professor RSdiger (3 vols., 1841). In recognition of his eminent services, he received in 1842 the Patron's Gold Medal from the Royal Geographical Society of London, and the degree of D.D. from the university of Halle, while in 1844 Yale College gave him that of LL.D. In 1852 he visited Palestine again, and published the results of this second visit in 1856, in the second edition of his Biblical Researches, and in a supplemental volume, Later Biblical Researches in Palestine and the Adjacent Regions (3d. ed. of the whole work, 3 vols., 1867). Dr. Robinson regarded the work as only a preparation for a complete physical, historical, and topographical geography of the Holy Land. But repeated attacks of illness undermined his constitution and an incurable disease of the eyes obliged him in 1862 to lay down his pen. After his death, the first part of the projected work, the Physical Geography of the Holy Land, which was all he had prepared, was published in English (London and Boston, 1865) and in German translation by his wife (Berlin). He also prepared a Greek Harmony of the Gospels (1845), which was far superior to anything of the kind which had then appeared, and in 1846 an English Harmony.

In May, 1862, he made his fifth and last visit to Europe, but failed to receive any permanent benefit to his eyesight. In Nov. he returned, and resumed his lectures, but died after a brief illness.

Dr. Robinson was a man of athletic form and imposing figure, though somewhat bent in later years; of strong, sound, good sense; reserved, though when in congenial company often entertaining and humorous. He was thorough and indefatigable in his investigations, skeptical of all monastic legends, reverent to God's revelation. Outwardly cold, his heart was warm, and his sympathies tender. He is probably the most distinguished Biblical scholar whom America has produced, indeed, one of the most distinguished of the nineteenth century. The original manuscript of Dr. Robinson's Biblical Researches and a part of his library are in the possession of the Union Theological Seminary.

P. ScaAFFt. D. S. ScHAFF.

BIBLIOGRAPHY: The memorial addresses by R. D. Hitchcoek and H. B. Smith are in Life, Writings, and Character of Edward Robinwn, New York, 1883; A. P. Stanley, Addresses and Sermons in America. pp. 23-34, ib. 1879; Ci. L. Prentiss, The Union Theological Seminary in the City o New York, pp. 243-254 et passim, ib. 1889.

ROBINSON, GEORGE LIVINGSTONE: Presbyterian; b. at West Hebron, N. Y., Aug.19,1864. He was graduated from Princeton College (A.B., 1887), Princeton Theological Seminary (1893), and studied at the universities of Berlin (1893-94) and Leipsic (Ph.D., 1895). He was an instructor in the Syrian Protestant College, Beirut, Syria (1887-90); pastor of the Presbyterian church at Roxbury, Mass. (1896); professor of Old-Testament literature and exegesis at Knox College, Toronto (1896-98); held a similar position in McCormick Theological Seminary, Chicago (1898-1906); and was appointed professor in the American School of Archeology at Jerusalem (1906). He has made extensive explorations in Palestine, particularly in the peninsula of Sinai and Kadesh-Barnes. In theology he is a con-

servative liberal. He has written The Origin anal Date of Zechariah ix.-xiv. (Chicago, 1896); The Biblical Doctrine of Holiness (1904); and Leaders of Israel: History of the Hebrews from the Earliest Times to the Downfall of Jerusalem, A.D. 70 (New York, 1906).

ROBINSON, HENRY DOUGLAS: Protestant Episcopal missionary bishop of Nevada; b. at Lowell , Mass., Mar. 15, 1860. He was educated at Racine College (B.A., 1884), and was assistant rector of the grammar-school of the same institution in 1884,85, and instructor in mathematics in San Mateo Military Academy, San Mateo, Cal., in 1885-89. Having been ordered deacon in 1886 and priested in 1888, he was also curate of St. Matthew's in the same city until 1889, after which he was rector (1889-99) and warden (1899-1908) of the grammar-school of Racine College. In 1908 he was consecrated missionary bishop of Nevada.

ROBINSON, JOHN: English Separatist,, the minister of the Pilgrim Fathers; b. probably at Lincoln, about 1575; d. at Leyden Mar. 1, 1625. He entered Corpus Christi (or Benet) College, Cambridge, in 1592 (B.A., 1596; fellow, 1598; M.A., 1599); was curate of St. Andrew's, Norwich, 1602; married 1604; was compelled to leave his charge because he had criticized prelacy and the ceremonies of the Church of England, 1606; then is heard of in many places anxiously endeavoring to find out his duty as to leaving the church. Finally he decided to leave and in 1606 became an officer of the Separatist congregation meeting at William Brewster's house, Scrooby, Nottinghamshire; he went with the congregation to Amsterdam in 1608; and in May, 1609, settled in Leyden, where he was publicly ordained as pastor and Brewster became ruling elder. In Jan., 1611, Robinson and three others bought a house for 8,000 guilders, but, probably owing to difficulty in raising the money, did not obtain possession till May, 1612; the building was then used as a church and dwelling, and a score of small houses were erected on the property for the poorer members. In Sept., 1615, Robinson was admitted a member of the university as a student of theology and attended the lectures of Episcopius and Polyander (Jan Kerckhoven). He is said to have entered actively into the Arminian controversies, taking the Calvinistic side. The determination to emigrate to America was formed as early as 1617, when John Carver, a deacon, and Robert Cushman, a man of business experience, were sent to London to negotiate with the London-Virginia Company, carrying with them seven articles of belief subscribed by Robinson and Brewster as evidence of their orthodoxy and loyalty. The first company of emigrants crossed the Atlantic in the Mayflower and landed at Plymouth, Dec. 21, 1620, under Brewster's guidance. Robinson remained in Holland with the majority of the congregation, who chose to defer their departure, and he died before he was able to unite his divided flock. He was buried Mar. 4, 1625, in St. Peter's Church, Leyden. His congregation was broken up, some going to New England and others to Amsterdam. In 1865 a marble slab was placed on the building occupying the