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site of Robinson's house in Leyden (taken down about 1650), and in 1891 a bronze tablet was dedicated on St. Peter's Church. Robinson was a man of amiable character, of sound judgment and good sense, and exercised a good influence over all the English in Holland. See CONGREGATIONALISTS, I., 1, §§ 5-7. His Works (nearly complete), with memoir by Robert Ashton, appeared in 3 vols., London, 1851. The most important are A Justifw*tion of Separation from the Church of England (Leyden, 1610); Of Religious Comunion, Private and Public (1614), a reply to Thomas Helwys and John Smyth; Apologia justa et necessaria quorumdam Christianorum dictorum Broumistarum give Batrowistarum (1619; in Eng., 1625); Observations, Divine and Moral, essays on moral and religious topics (1625; 1628; 1638).

BIBLIOGRAPHY: The first source for a life is Robinson's own writings and next to that is W. Bradford. Hist. of Plymouth Plantation, in Collections of Massachusetts Historical Society, 4 series, vol. iii., 1856, cf. A. Young, Chronicles of the Pilgrim Fathers, 2d ed., Boston, 1844. The principal external sources are conveniently and compactly brought together by E. Arber in The Story of the Pilgrim Fathers 1808-83 . . as Told by themselves, their Friends, and their Enemies, London, 1897. Consult further: O. S. Davis, John Robinson, the Pilgrim Pastor, Boston, 1903; H. M. Dexter, Congregationalism of the Last Three Hundred Years, pp. 357-410 et passim, New York, 1880; D. Campbell, The Puritan in Holland, England, arid America, u. 240 sqq., ib. 1893; W. Walker, in American Church History Series, iii. 57-72, ib. 1894; idem, Ten New England Leaders, pp. 17-29 et passim, ib. 1901; A. E. Dunning, Congregationalists in America, ib. 1894; John Brown, The Pilgrim Fathers of New England and their Puritan Successors, ib. 1897; C. Burrage, New Fads concerning John Robinson, Pastor of the Pilgrim Fathers, Oxford, 1910 (used in the foregoing sketch); DNB, xiix. 18-22 (where reference is made to scattering notices). Much of the literature cited under PORITAlqs, PORITAHI6m will be found to contain material on the subject.

ROBINSON, JOHN EDWARD: Methodist Episcopal bishop in Southern Asia; b. at Gort (28 m. n. of Limerick), County Galway, Ireland, Feb. 12, 1849. He was graduated at Drew Theological Seminary (1874), and in that year went to India as a missionary. He was presiding elder of the Burmah District (1884-88), the Bombay District (18881896), the Asansol District (1896-1900), and the Calcutta District (1900-04). He was elegted bishop in 1904. In theology he is a liberal evangelical. In addition to editing the Burmah Evangelist from 1884 to 1887 and the Indian Witness from 1896 to 1904, he has written Apostolic Succession Refuted (Rangoon, 1884) and The Rise and Progress of Methodism (1899).

ROBINSON, JOSEPH ARMITAGE: Church of England; b. at Keynaham (5 m. s.e. of Bristol), Somerset, Jan. 9, 1858. He was educated at Christ's College, Cambridge (B.A., 1881), and was ordered deacon in 1881 and advanced to the priesthood in the following year. He was then domestic chaplain to the bishop of Durham (1883-84), curate of Great St. Mary's, Cambridge (1885-86), Cambridge Whitehall preacher (1886-88), vicar of All Saints', Cambridge (1888-92), Norrisian professor of divinity at Cambridge (1893-99), and canon of Westminster (1899-1902). Since 1902 he has been dean of Westminster. He was likewise fellow of his college in

1881-99, of which he has been honorary fellow since 1904, and was dean of the same college in 1884-90. He was examining chaplain to the bishop of Bath and Wells in 1888-92, a prebendary in Wells Cathedral in 1894-99, select preacher at Oxford in 1899, and rector of St. Margaret's, Westminster, in 18991900, while since 1902 he has been a chaplain-inordinary to the king. He prepared the English translation, with a preface and appendices, Of S. Lampros's Collation of the Athos Codex of the Shepherd of Hermas (Cambridge, 1888); and edited the larger portion of the Greek text of the "Apology" of Aristides for J. R. Harris's edition of the Syriac version of the same document (1891); The Passion of Saint Perpetua (1891); and The Philocalia of Origen (1893); besides editing Texts and Studies: Contributions to Biblical and Patristic Literature (Cambridge, 1891 sqq.); and An. Unrecognized Westminster Chronicler, 1381-1394 (1907). As independent works he has written The Gospel according to Peter and the Revelation of Peter (Cambridge, 1892; in collaboration with M. R. James); Euthaliana: Studies of Euthalius (1895); Unity in Christ, and other Sermons (London, 1901); Study of the Gospels (1902); Some Thoughts on the Incarnation (1903); St. Paul's Epistle to the Ephesians: Revised Text and Translation, with Exposition and Notes (1903); Some Thoughts on Inspiration (1905); Some Thoughts on the Athanasian Creed (1905); The Vision of Unity (1908; sermons); The Historical Character of St. John's Gospel (1908); St. Paul's Epistle to the Ephesians, an Exposition (1909); The Manuscripts of Westminster Abbey (1909; with M. R. James).

ROBINSON, ROBERT: Baptist; b. at Swaffham (25 m. w. of Norfolk), Norfolk, Sept. 27, 1735; d. at Birmingham June 8, 1790. From 1761 he was pastor of a society at Cambridge, acquired considerable land, and engaged at the same time in business as a corn and coal merchant; and, besides preaching on Sundays at Cambridge, did Evangelical work in as many as fifteen neighboring stations during week-days. In his Plea for the Divinity of our Lord Jesus Christ (Cambridge 1776; new ed., 1813) he represented Sabellian views, was influenced by Joseph Priestley (q.v.), and in a letter (1788) scouted the idea of the doctrine of the Trinity and of the personality of the Spirit. Deficient in training, he taught himself four or five languages, possessed great powers of speech, and his History of Baptism (London, 1790) was strongly written, minute in learning, and abounding in rustic witticism. His Posthumous Works were issued in 1792; a volume of Sermons in 1804; his Miscellaneous Works, ed. B. Flower, in 4 vole., in 1807; and Select Works, ed. W. Robinson, 1861. He wrote the two popular hymns "Come thou Fount of every blessing" (1758) and "Mighty God, while angels bless thee" (1774).

BIBLIOGRAPHY: The funeral sermons by Joseph Priestley, Abraham Rees, and Joshua Toulmin were all published in 1790. The monograph is by G. Dyer, Memoirs of the Life and Writings of Robert Robinson, London, 1796. Memoirs by the editors were prefixed to the Miscellaneous Works and Select Works, ut sup. Consult further: S. W. Duffield, English Hymns, pp. 118-117, 35257. New York, 1888; Julian, Hymnology, pp. 989-870.