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69 RELIGIOUS ENCYCLOPEDIA Robertson Robinson at the Literary Institute, Suffield, Conn., Fairmount Theological Seminary, and Newton Theological Institution, from which he was graduated in 1861. He held Baptist pastorates at the Central Baptist Church, Newport, R. I. (1861-67), and the First Baptist Church, Rochester, N. Y. (1867-73); was president of Colby University (1873-82); and professor of Christian ethics in Rochester Theological Seminary (1882-1904). He has written Harmony of Ethics with Theology (New York, 1891); The Christian Idea of Education as distinguished from Secular Education. (Philadelphia, 1895) ; and Ethics in Christian Life (1904). ROBINSON, CHARLES HENRY: Church of England; b. at Keynsham (5 m. s.e. of Bristol), Somerset, Feb. 27, 1861. He was educated at Trinity College, Cambridge (B.A., 1883), and was ordered deacon in 1884 and ordained priest in 1885. He was curate of Pateley Bridge, Yorkshire (1884-86) and of St. Johns, Darlinghurst, Sydney, N. S. W. (1886 1887). He became fellow and tutor of St. Augus tine's College, Canterbury (1889), and was vice chancellor of Truro Cathedral and vice-principal of the Chancellor's School at Truro (1890-93). In 1892 he visited Armenia to report to the archbishop of Canterbury on the condition of the Armenian Church. He was engaged in a first expedition to Kano, the commercial capital of central Soudan (1893-95), and since 1896 has been lecturer in Hausa in the University of Cambridge, honorary canon of Ripon since 1897, and in 1902 was made editorial secretary to the Society for the Propagation of the Gospel. He has written The Church and her Teach ing (London, 1893); Hausaland: or, Fifteen Hun dred Miles through the Central Soudan (1896); Specimens of Hausa Literature (Cambridge, 1896) ; Grammar of the Hausa Language (London, 1897); Mohammedanism, has it any Future? (1897); Dic tionary of the Hausa Language (in collaboration with W. H. Brooks; 2 vols., London, 1899); Studies in the Character of Christ (1900); Nigeria, our latest Protectorate (1900) ; Human Nature a Revelation of the Divine (1902); Studies in Christian Worship (1908); and Studies in the Resurrection of Christ (1909). ROBINSON, CHARLES SEYMOUR: Presbyte rian; b. at Bennington, Vt., Mar. 31, 1829; d. at New York Feb. 1, 1899. He graduated at Williams College, 1849; studied at Union (New York) and Princeton Theological Seminaries; was pastor at Troy, N. Y., 1855-60; Brooklyn, N. Y., 1860-68; the American Chapel at Paris, France, 1868-71; Madison Ave. Church, New York, 1871-88; and of other churches at New York, 1890-92, and after. He has published volumes of sermons entitled, Christian Work (New York, 1874) and Bethel and Penuel (1874); Studies of Neglected Texts (1883); Sermons in Songs (1885); and Simon Peter: His Early Life and Times (2 vols., 1889). He is espe cially famous as the compiler of books of hymns and tunes, some of which are, Songs of the Church (New York, 1862); Songs for the Sanctuary (180, 1889); Psalms, Hymns, and Spiritual Songs (1874); and Laudes Domini (1884-90). BIBLIOGRAPHY: S. W. Duffield, English Hymns, pp. 472- 473, New York, 1886; Julian, Hymnology, p. 969.
ROBINSON, EDWARD: Biblical scholar, and pioneer in modern explorations in Palestine; b. at Southington, Conn., Apr. 10, 1794; d. in New York City Jan. 27, 1863. He was graduated from Hamilton College (1816), and after studying law at Hudson, N. Y., returned to his alma mater as tutor in mathematics and Greek (1817-18). In 1818, he married Miss Eliza Kirkland, daughter of the Oneida missionary, who died the next year. From his Marriage until 1821, he worked his wife's farm, but also pursued his studies. In 1821 he went to Andover to superintend the printing of his edition of part of the Iliad (bks. i.-ix., xviii., xxii.), which appeared in 1822, and while there, under Moses Stuart's influence, began his career as a Biblical scholar and teacher. From 1823 to 1826 he was instructor in the Hebrew language and literature at Andover Theological Seminary, meanwhile being busily occupied with literary labors. He assisted Professor Stuart in the 2d ed. of his Hebrew Grammar (Andover, 1823, 1st ed., 1813), and in his translation of Winer's Grammar of the New-Testament Greek (1825), and alone translated Wahl's Clavis philologica Novi Testamenti (1825). In 1826 he went to Europe, and studied at Gottingen, Halle, and Berlin, making the acquaintance, and winning the praises, of Gesenius, Tholuck, and Rodiger in Halle, and Neander and Ritter in Berlin. In 1828 he married the youngest daughter of L. A. von Jacob, professor of philosophy and political science at the university of Halle, a highly gifted woman of thorough culture, well known before her marriage by her pseudonym of "Talvi." In 1830 he returned to America, and from 1830 to 1833 was professor-extraordinary of Biblical literature, and librarian at Andover. In 1831 he founded the Biblical Repository, subsequently (1851) united with the Bibliotheca Sacra, to which he contributed numerous translations and original articles. In 1832 he issued an improved edition of Taylor's translation of Calmet's Dictionary of the Bible, and in 1833 a smaller Dictionary of'the Holy Bible, and a translation of Buttmann's Greek Grammar (extensively used as a text-book). In 1833 ill-health, induced by his severe labors, compelled him to resign his professorship, and he removed to Boston. In 1834 he brought out a revised edition of Newcome's Greek Harmony of the Gospels; in 1836, a translation of Gesenius' Hebrew Lexicon (5th edition, the last in which Robinson made any changes, 1854), and the independent Greek and English Lexicon of the New Testament (revised ed., 1850). In 1837 he was called to be professor of Biblical literature in Union Theological Seminary, New York City. Prior to entering upon his duties, he sailed in July, 1837, for the Holy Land, and in conjunction with Rev. Dr. Eli Smith, the accomplished Arabic scholar and faithful missionary of the American Board in Syria, explored all the important places in Palestine and Syria. In Oct., 1838, he returned to Berlin; and there for two years worked upon his Biblical Researches in Palestine, Mount Sinai, and Arabia Petrwa. This great work, which at once established the author's reputation as a geographer and Biblical student of the first rank, appeared simultaneously in London, Boston, and in a German translation carefully revised by Mrs. Robinson, and carried through the