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2. Canadian Presbyterian; b. at Dull (25 m. n.w. of Perth), Scotland, Apr. 24, 1839; d. in Toronto, Canada, Jan. 4, 1902. He was born in poverty, attended the school at Dull, but in 1855 removed to East Oxford, Ontario, Canada, with the family and then attended school at Woodstock, a neighboring village; passed the teacher's examination and returned to teach at Woodstock (1857), later near Innerskip (1859), but in 1863 he matriculated at the University of Toronto, from which he passed to Princeton Theological Seminary in 1866 and after two years entered Union Theological Seminary, New York City, whence he graduated in 1869. For the next six years he was pastor of Norwich, Windham, and East Oxford in the Presbyterian Church of Canada; in 1874 he became pastor of Knox Church, Winnipeg, Manitoba, and in 1877 lecturer in Manitoba college in the same place. In 1881 he became superintendent of missions of his church for Manitoba and the Northwest, rind so continued till his death. In 1895 he was moderator of the general assembly.

While a student in the university he belonged to the Queen's Rifles and saw service in connection with the Fenian raid of 1866. Thus early did he show his courage and his fidelity to duty. When his church called him to watch over and promote her missions in the wilds of Canada he addressed himself to his task with a skill, devotion, boldness, and tact which have seldom been equalled, and so he passes into history as one of the master missionaries. Those who would know what kind of a life he led have but to read the tales of Ralph Connor (Charles William Gordon, q.v.) for he was the " sky pilot " who moves through them as the great friend of God and man.

3. Church of Scotland; b. at Alyth (14 m. n.w. of Dundee), Perthshire, Mar. 2, 1840. Ile was educated at University and King's College, Aberdeen (M.A., 1859), and St. Mary's College, St. Andrews; was a missionary of the Church of Scotland at Constantinople in 1862-64 and at Beirut in 1864-75; minister of Mayfield Church, Edinburgh (1875-77); and since 1877 has been professor of Hebrew and Semitic languages in the University of Glasgow. In 1904 he was Murtle lecturer at the University of Aberdeen. Theologically he is " Calvinistic by temperament, and generally described (by others) as a conservative theologian or conservative critic." He prefers, however, " to be regarded as a critic of the modern school of Old-Testament criticism." He has edited Sabbath School Teachers' Book, Third Grade (Edinburgh, 1890), translated the syntactic portion of A. Miiller's Hebraische Schulgrammatik (Halle, 1878) under the title Outlines of Hebrew Syntax (London, 1882); and written The Early Religion of Israel (Edinburgh, 1892); The Old Testament and its Contents (1893); The Poetry and the Religion of the Psalms (1898); The First and Second Books of the Kings in the Temple Bible (London, 1902); and Five and Twenty Years in a Hebrew Chair (Edinburgh, 1903).

BIBLIOGRAPHY: On 1: A. H. Charteris, Life of Rev. James Robertson, Professor of Divinity, London, 1863; idem, A

Robertson, Missionary Superintendent in the Northwest Territories, New York, 1908.

ROBERTSON, JAMES CRAIGIE: Church of England; b. at Aberdeen 1813; d. at Canterbury July 9, 1882. He was graduated at Trinity College, Cambridge (B.A., 1834; M.A., 1838); was vicar of Beckesbourne, near Canterbury, 1846-59; canon of Canterbury, 1859-82; and professor of ecclesiastical history, Kings College, London, 1864-74. His historical works take high rank. He wrote: How shall we Conform to the Liturgy of the Church of England? (London, 1843); History of the Christian Church to the Reformation (4 vols., 1854-73; new ed., 8 vols., 1874-75); Sketches of Church History (1855-78); Becket, Archbishop of Canterbury (1859); and Plain Lectures on the Growth of the Papal Power (1876). He edited P. Heylyn's,History of the Reformation (2 vols., 1849); John Bargrave's Alexander VII. and his Cardinals (1867); and Materials for the History of Thomas Becket, in the Rolls Series (8 vols., 1875-83).

ROBERTSON, WILLIAM: Church of Scotland; b. at Borthwick (10 m. s.s.e. of Edinburgh) Sept. 19, 1721; d. in Edinburgh June 11, 1793. After studying at the University of Edinburgh, he was licensed and settled at Gladsmuir, 1743; was settled over Lady Yester's Chapel, Edinburgh, 1758; was translated to the Old Grayfriars Church, 1761. He was reputed the most eloquent preacher in Scotland, but he published only one sermon, the one he preached before the Society in Scotland for Propagating Christian Knowledge, upon the state of the world at the coming of Christ (1755). From 1763 till 1780 he was moderator of the general assembly; from 1762 till 1792 principal of Edinburgh University. His fame with posterity does not come from his pulpit or administrative ability, but from three historical works which are now superseded because later writers have had access to much better information than he, but are noteworthy for their style and their impartiality: The History of Scotland during the Reigns of Queen Mary and of King James VI. till his Accession to the Crown of England. With a Review of the Scotch History previous to that Period, and an Appendix containing original Papers (London, 2 vols., 1758-59); The History of the Reign of the Emperor Charles V., with a View of the Progress of Society in Europe from the Subversion of t,~:e Roman Empire to the Beginning of the Sixteenth Century (3 vols., 1769); and The History of America (4 vols., 1777-96, going down to 1652 for Virginia and to 1688 for New England). There are numerous collected editions of his Works (most of them containing the Life by Dugald Stewart), e.g., 11 vols., London, 1800-02, 12 vols., 1812; 6 vols., Edinburgh, 1813; best, 8 vols., Oxford, 1825, reprints often, e.g., 1865.

is An Account of the Life and Writings of William Robertson, by G. Gleig, Edinburgh, 1812; and one in Lord

Brougham's Lives of Men of Letters and Science, 2 vols., London, 1845-46. References to scattered notices are given in DNB, xlviii. 425-430.

ROBINS, HENRY EPHRAIM: Baptist; b. at Hartford, Conn., Sept. 30, 1827. He was educated