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351 RELIGIOUS ENCYCLOPEDIA FOX France Norwich), Mar. 1, 1786; d. in London June 3, 1864. He attended the Independent College at Homerton (a northeast suburb of London) under John Pye Smith, 1806-09, but was chiefly self educated; was pastor at Fareham, Hampshire (1809), at Chichester (1812), and in London (1817 1852), where a chapel was built especially for him (1824) in Finsbury. His great aim was to benefit the working classes, from which he had himself sprung, and he ultimately gave more time and effort to social and political questions than to the ology, and made preaching subordinate to jour nalism and agitation. He was one of the chief orators of the Anticorn Law League, and was Mem ber of Parliament, 1847-52, 1852-57, 1857-63. He was one of the editors of The Monthly Repository, the leading Unitarian periodical, and from 1831 to 1836 as sole editor and proprietor made it the medium of expression for his social and political views, combined with literary criticism. His Works were collected in a Memorial Edition, ed. W. B. Hodgson and H. J. Slack (12 vols., London, 1865-68). BIHLIO0HAPHY: A memoir is prefixed to vol. xii. of his Works (ut sup.). Consult DNB, xx. 137-139. FRANCE.
France is a republic in the west of Europe with an area of 207,054 square miles and a population (legal, 1906) of 39,252,245. There has been no religious census since 1872. The Roman Catholics have been estimated to number from 36,000,000 to 37,500,000; the Protestants 600,000 to 2,000,000; the Jews about 86,000; and there are about 150,000 of other religions.
I. The Roman Catholic Church: From about 1813, the year of the Fontainebleau Concordat with Napoleon I., till about 1880, the
r. Concor- Church had a tranquil development, dats, Organ- which was only very transiently dis-
ic Articles. turbed (see CONCORDATS AND DE LIMITING BULLS, VI., 1). The Con cordat of 1813, to be sure, was modeled after that of 1801; but it alleviated in a great measure the executive rulings added to the former by Napoleon; because the pope abandoned the temporal power of the Church. The Concordat of 1801 (see CON CORDATS, ut sup.) was published at the same time as the Articles organiques, which were arbitrarily formulated by Napoleon. The seventy-seven Or ganic Articles practically enforced a progressive application of the Gallicanism of 1682 (see GALLI CANISM), which the professors were expressly bound, under art. 24, to teach in their seminaries. The State's placet, in relation to all documents of the curia designed to be operative in France, was dis tinctly set forth in art. 1; the State's authorizationwith reference to every representative of the pope in the land was emphasized in art. 2; art. 20 forbade a bishop to leave his diocese without the State's permission; art. 58 ordered that there should be an organization of ten archbishoprics and fifty bishoprics, and arts. 65-66 provided for their modest allowance of 15,000 and 10,000 franca, which remained the same amount until 1906. The parochial clergy's allowances as well were regulated in art. 66. Through the Organic Articles the magisterial power of the State as affecting the Church came to be operative to the widest extent; though upon the restoration of the monarchy the State allowed most of the enactments which were burdensome to the Church to lapse into oblivion. Hence the complete independence of the bishops from one another, each dealing directly with the pope. After 1822, however, the suffragan relationship was gradually restored. Likewise, written correspondence between the curia and the bishops was carried on independently of the State. The nomination of bishops usually took place in accordance with the recommendations of the cathedral chapters and the archbishops, just as chaplains were appointed for public institutions and in the army on the recommendations of the bishops. The Gallicanism formulated in 1682, however, succumbed more and more, in the clerical seminaries and among the clergy, to the persistent antagonism of literature and of the bishops.
Since the Concordat of 1801 the bishops have greatly increased in number. The present organization of the Church is as follows: archbishopric
of Aix (founded before 409; vacant z. Organi- 614-794), with the suffragan bishopzation. rics of Ajaccio (c. 313), Digne (c. 364),
Frt;jus (c. 374), Gap (before 430), Marseilles (before 314), and Nice (before 253); archbishopric of Albi (before 406; raised to archbishopric 1678), with the suffragan bishoprics of Cahors (c. 250), Mende (before 314), Perpignan (see at Elne, 571-1602), and Rodez (before 506); archbishopric of Auch (before 396; raised to archbishopric 879), with the suffragan bishoprics of Aire (c. 506), Bayonne (c. 980), and Tarbes (c. 394); archbishopric of Avignon (before 353; raised to archbishopric 1475), with the suffragan bishoprics of Montpellier (see at Maguelone c. 585-1527), Nimes (c. 394), Valence (c. 344), and Viviers (before 432); archbishopric of Besanpon (c. 180), with the suffragan bishoprics of Belley (c. 412), Nancy (1777), St. Dit; (1777), Toul (c. 338; united to Nancy 1801), and Verdun (c. 346); archbishopric of Bordeaux (c. 314), with the suffragan bishoprics of Agen (before 358), Angouleme (before 406), La Rochelle (see at Maillerais 1317-1648), Luton (1317), Pt;rigueux (before 356), and Poitiers (before 350), also in the French colonies the three bishoprics of R6union (St.. Denis; 1850), Guadeloupe (Basse-Terre; 1850), and Martinique (St. Pierre; 1851); archbishopric of Bourges (before 280), with the suffragan bishoprics of Clermont (c. 250), Le Puy (before 451), Limoges (before 73), St. Flour (1318), and Tulle (1317); archbishopric of Cambrai (580; raised to archbishopric 1559; bishopric 1801-41), with the suffragan bishopric