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of Arras (c. 500; vacant 545-1093); archbishopric of Chamb6ry (1775; raised to archbishopric 1817), with the suffragan bishoprics of Annecy (1822), St. Jean-de-Maurienne (c. 577), and Tarentaise (see at Moutiers; c. 420); archbishopric of Lyons (c. 150), with the suffragan bishoprics of Autun (c. 270), Dijon (1731), Grenoble (381), Langres, (before 220), and St. Claude (1742); archbishopric of Paris (c. 100; raised to archbishopric 1622), with the suffragan bishoprics of Blois (1697), Chartres (before 390), Meaux (before 549), Orl6ans (before 344), and Versailles (1802); archbishopric of Reims (c. 290), with the suffragan bishoprics of Amiens (c. 303), Beauvais (c. 250), Chfilons (c. 290), and Soissons (c. 290); archbishopric of Rennes (358; raised to archbishopric 1859), with the suffragan bishoprics of Quimper (c. 444), St. Brieuc (8G0), and Vannes (c. 448); archbishopric of Rouen (c. 250), with the suffragan bishoprics of Bayeux (c. 390), Coutances (c. 429), Evreux (c. 412), and Suez (2d century); archbishopric of Sens (c. 275), with the suffragan bishoprics of Moulins (1817), Nevers (c. 505), and Troyes (before 344); archbishopric of Toulouse (c. 257; raised to archbishopric 1317), with the suffragan bishoprics of Carcassonne (before 589), Montauban. (1317), and Pamiers (1295); and archbishopric of Tours (c. 250), with the suffragan bishoprics of Angers (before 372), Laval (1855), Le Mang (before 451), and Nantes (before 374). [The above dates have been supplied by the editors from P. B. Gams, Series episcoporum ecclesite catholica (Regensburg, 1872), and in many cases they are too early, especially those for Limoges and Paris both of which were probably founded about 250. Fifty-seven sees, not included in the list given above were suppressed by Napoleon in 1801; and a few others have gone out of existence at various times.]

The qlergy subordinated to the bishops, apart from the cathedral chapters, were variously graded

with respect to their official powers 3. The and the State allowances. The numClergy. ber of vicars-general in 1904 was 185;

and these were paid by the State 2,500 francs a year (18 were paid 3,500 francs); the canons received, until 1885, a State stipend of 1,000 francs each. Among the parochial clergy, the majority of those officiating in dependent churches were distinguished, by the State's request, from the parish priests, or curs, as desseruants (see CnApi.anv) and vicaires (curates). In 1904 there were 31,000 of these clerical assistants, of whom 18,420 were paid 900 franca, while those over sixty years of age received 1,000 to 1,300 francs. Those incumbents who by the Concordat's terms were designated as priests of the first class (1,121) received an allowance from the State of 1,500 and 1,600 francs; and priests of the second class (2,530) 1,200 francs. The pr&res habituels (about. 4,000), employed more and more frequently in the cities, received smaller amounts. These regulations and the State allowances continued.in force until 1906.

The repeal of the Concordat on the side of the State, and the separation law of December 11, 1905, radically altered the situation of the Church. Besides the public instruction law of 1886 had already

begun to drive the clergy out of the schools, and

the so-called association law of July 1, 1901, had

nearly done away with the congrega

4. Religious tions and religious orders. The law of

Orders 1886 decreed that all public instruction

should be given only by teachers out

side of the clergy; so that no priest can set foot in

the schools to give religious instruction, which here

after can be given only in premises belonging to the

Church, and only privately to voluntary pupils.

Despite all this, the continued maintenance of

schools under church administration, with clergy or

sisters as teachers, was still possible, since free in

struction under State supervision was not forbidden.

Accordingly, on January 1, 1899, the ratio of such

schools to State schools was as three to four. The

statistical compilation of these facts was promoted

by the law of 1901, which was aimed particularly

against the existence and the educational activity

of religious orders. Even as far back as 1880 the

Jesuits had been banished from France, though the

measure was not completely carried out; bat in

1901 all orders not approved by the State were for

bidden to teach in the schools. There were sanc

tioned only five male orders: the Congregations for

Foreign Missions, the Lazarista, the Fathers of the

Holy Ghost, the Sulpicians, and the Brothers of the

Christian Schools. The latter alone were a brother

hood for teaching and, like the rest, had in law the

rights of a person. These rights were not accorded

to the female congregations; but their localestab

liahmenta had received specific authorization.

Hence there were 905 congregations of women

which were approved by the State. 1n 1890 the

membership of female congregations amounted to

about 130,000. While there were only some twenty

actual congregations of women, with numerous es

tablishments scattered through the country, the

number of unauthorized associations far exceeded

the 905 approved ones. The external motive for the

Law for the separation of the Church

g. Separa- from the State, passed Dec. 11, 1905,

tion of and in force since Jan. 1, 1906, lay in

Church the disputed construction of the State's

and State. right to nominate bishops, and in the

application of art. 20 of the Organic

Articles to episcopal attendance before the pope in

Rome. Only rarely in the days of the monarchical

governments had any difference of opinion occurred

in relation to a bishop, and in 1884 the pope effect

ually refused recognition of a bishop nominated

by the government. Not until 1903 was it defi

nitely demanded by the State that the nomination

be recognized as an episcopal appointment.. The

law of separation first of all repeals all State and

municipal appropriations for public worship. Es

tablishments of worship are declared to be abro

gated and are to be reconstructed as religious asso

ciations (.Law of July I, 1901), to which the property

of the abrogated ecclesiastical establishments be

comes transferred. . For the organization of such as

sociations there is needed a quorum of but seven per

sons in communities of less than 1,000 inhabitants;

fifteen in communities of 1,000 to 20,000, etc.; and

ordy twenty-five in communities with mere than 200,

000 inhabitants. The churches and chapels, epis-