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17 RELIGIOUS ENCYCLOPEDIA Dubbink

Duchemne

gan to frequent the meetings of the Reformed con gregation in Paris. In the Parliament most of the younger members inclined toward the Reforma tion; and of the older members some of the moat prominent, as the president, Barley, and Sesguier, were in favor of a mild policy against heretics. There was, however, in the Parliament a party of extreme Roman Catholics led by Minard, Le Maia tre, and St. Andr6, and a conflict was not slow in arising. In order to arrive at some common policy, the procurator-general, Bourdin, convoked a plen ary assembly of all the divisions of the Parliament, in Apr., 1559. When it became evident that the friends of the Reformation were in the majority, Minard, Le Maiatre, and Bourdin addressed them selves directly to Henry II. The king appeared personally in the Parliament at the head of an im posing escort, and reproached it for lukewarmness in respect to the extirpation of heresy. Dubourg replied in a spirit of fearlessness, arguing that, while the heav iest transgressions against the divine law were allowed to gt, unpunished, the Parliament did wrong to depots its energies to the persecution of believers, who in the midst of the flames called upon the name of Christ. Personally incensed at this speech, which he construed as an allusion to his relations with Diane of Poitiers, Henry ordered the arrest of Dubourg. Legally, a member of the Parliament could be judged only by the Parliament itself. Nevertheli'es, the king appointed a commission of Dubourg's bitterest opponents to try the case. Dubourg appealed successively to the archbishops of Paris, Sane, and Lyons, but the appeals were not accepted. An appeal to the pope was still possible, but Dubourg refused to avail himself of it. The death of Henry IL, July 10,1559, made his situation still more desperate, as, by the accession of Francis IL, the Guises came into power. All exertions of his friends, including Coligny, Condb, and the Elector-Palatine Frederick, who wished him to be released to take a professorship at Heidelberg, were in vain. Dubourg presented to his judges a con fession of faith which was a masterly defense of the Reformation. Then for a moment he wavered, and under the influence of certain friends presented a second confession which was ambiguous, and was considered a surrender by his opponents; but he soon retracted, and, declaring his first confession to be the one which he actually believed, brought his fate upon himself. The verdict was given Dec. 21, and two days afterward he was etrangled-and burned. (THEODOR SoaoTTt:)

Biaacooswra:: La Vroys Histoire contenant 1 'iniqus iugsmart at fauaae proc6dure contre Anus Dubourp, Antwerp, 1561. reprinted in vol. i. of M6nwires do Conddi, London, 1743; A. de la Roohe-Chsadieu. Hiatoira des persecutions et rnartpra de E'Epliee de Paris, 1667-80: Lyons, l6M; Bu? ktin de 1'Aia<o;te du proteatantiarna /rancsia, vole. auvi. u:vii.; Lichtenberger, i£SR, iv. 121-123, Paris, 1878.

DUCK' US. See FRONTON DU Due. -

DU CAftGE, dil editzh, CHARLES DU FRESftE, SIEUR: French historian and lexicographer; b. at Amiene (84 m, n. of Paris) Dec. 18, 1610; d. at Paris Aug. 18,=1688. He was educated at the Jesuit college of his native city; and' studied law at the University of Orl6ane, after which he became treasurer of Amiena. His life was devoted, howiV.-2

ever, to the study of the Middle Ages, and his first work was his Histatre de l'empire de Conatantinopla sane lea empereura frangaia (Paris, 1857). In 1668 the plague which raged in Amiene led him to re move to Paris, where he spent the remainder of his life. In considering the importance of the works of Du Cange it must be borne in mind that the Renaissance, with its admiration for Greece and Rome, and the Reformation had little sympathy with any study of the Middle Ages. Medieval Latin and the Romance languages had thus far found no investigator, nor was there any chronol ogy, numismatics, archeology, paleography, or geography of that period. His writings, both printed and unprinted, embrace, on the other hand, not only the general history of medieval Europe, but also the history of France and the Byzantine Empire. His chief works are the Gloasaritrm ad scnptorea medics et in fcmca Latinitofia (3 vola., 1828; enlarged edition in 8 vole., 1733-38; supplement by P. Carpentier, 4 vole., 1788; and by L. Diefenbach, Frankfort, 1857, 1887; abridgment with additions and corrections by J. C. Adelung, 8 vole., Halls, 1772-84; moat recent edition of the Gloasarium, including the additions of Carpentier, Adelung, and others, by L. Favre, 10 vole., Niort, 188387; a con venient abridgment in one vol. by W. H. Maigne d'Arnis, Paris, 1868) and the Glosaarium ad scrip torea media et in fimee Grcscitatis (2 vole., Lyons, 1888). Both these dictionaries are true encyclopedias, one for Latin Christendom in all its ecclesiastical, political, and social aspects, and the other for the Byzantine Empire, to say nothing of their lexico graphical value. In the preface to the Latin Glos sarium, moreover, the author gives the history of the decay of the Latin language and sketches the earli est developments of French. The last work of Du Cange, which was not completed until after his death, was his edition of the Chronicon pds chale (Paris, 1888). (C. PFENTDER.)

Biswoaeerax: L. Faugbre, Eaeai ear la vie et lae ouwapes de Du Canpe, Paris, 1852; H. Hsrdouin, Esaai eur is aria et our ka ouvrapes de . . . Du Canpe, ib. 1849.

DUCEY, THOMAS JAMES: Roman Catholic; b. at Lismore (111 m. s.s.w. of Dublin), County Cork, Ireland, Feb. 4, 1843. He went to the United Staten at the age of five, and was graduated at St. Francis Xavier's College, New York City, in 1884; and at the Provincial Seminary, Troy, N. Y., in 1888. He was ordained to the priesthood in 1888, and in 1889 was attached to the staff of the Church of the Nativity, New York City, where he incurred the opposition of the Tweed ring by his denunciations of municipal corruption. In 1872 he was transferred to St. Michael's in the same city, and in the following year began the active organization of societies for Roman Catholic young men. In 1880 he founded St. Leo's Church. He was assistant chaplain in the City Prison for several years, and is .active in movements against political evil and in philanthropic enterprises.

DITCHESNE, d0"shAn',.LQUIS MARIE oLrMR: French Roman Catholic;' b: at.St. Servan (100 m. n. of Nantes) Sept. 13, 1843. He studied in Paris sad at . Rome from 1873- to 1878, visiting Epirus, Theesalyy Macedonia, and Mt. Athos a 1874, and