I. Roman and Greek Catholic Churches

I. Roman Catholics

with the apostolic crown given by Sylvester II., in the year 1001. Since his time the kings of Hungary have exerted apostolic rights, and since 1404 they have had the right of giving or withholding their sanction to the papal bulls (in abeyance from 1855 to 1870). The head of the Church in Hungary is the archbishop of Esztergom (Gram), who has been the primate of the kingdom since 1279. He crowns the king and administers to him the oath; he has the right to summon the national synod. Under his rule are

408

part of the Greek Uniat churches. The organization of the Roman Catholic Church in Hungary is as follows: archbishopric of Esztergom (Gran; founded 1001), with the suffragan bishopric of Nyitra, Gy6r, Veszpr6m, P6cs, Vsez (all five founded 1001) Beszterczebdnya, Sz6kesfeh6rvdr, and Szombathely (all three founded 1777); archbishopric of Kalocsa (founded 1001, raised to archbishopric 1135), with the suffragan bishopric of Magyarcsangd (see at Temesvsx· founded 1001), Nagyvari£d (founded 1095), and Transylvania (see at Gyulafeh6rvsr; founded 1001); archbishopric of Eger (Erlau; founded 1001 raised to archbishopric 1804), with the suffragan bishoprics of Rozsnyb (founded 1776), Szepes (founded 1776), SzatmAr (founded 1804), and Kassa (founded 1804); archbishopric of ZAgrsb (Agram; founded 1093, raised to archbishopric 1853), with the suffragan bishoprics of Zengg (formed by uniting Corbav and Modrus 1833) and Diakovsr (formed by uniting Szer6m [founded 1230]

and the Bosnian diocese 1773); and the arch-abbey of St. Martin (founded 1001). There are 112 archdeacons, 405 deacons, and 3,804 priests, not including the arch-abbey, which has one deacon and 15 priests. There are 27 cathedral chapters with 424 canons (152 honorary), 180 abbots (150 honorary), and 146 provosts (109 honorary).

Members of orders can be admitted to the coun try, orders can be founded or dissolved only with consent of the king or by decree of parliament. Joseph II. (1780-90) dissolved 134 monasteries, with 1,544 monks and six convents with 191 nuns. The present number of monasteries is 227, with 2,196 and 365 convents with 5,420 nuns. Every= hopric and bishopric, with the exception of three, has its theological seminary; there were in 1909 for the seculars 18, and for the monastics 13, also a central institute in the University at Buda pest. The language of instruction is Latin. Since 1868 the Roman Catholic bishops have tried to create a movement against the influence of the State in church affairs and for the acquirement of real autonomy by the Roman Catholic Church, but so far without success. Only in Transylvania does the Church possess a kind of self-government, where under the presidency of the bishop, 68 clerical and 136 lay representatives yearly deliberate on financial and educational matters. In the department of church life and domestic missions are active several organizations notably the St. Stephen's Union.