HUNGARIAN CONFESSIONS: The chief supporter of the Reformed doctrine in Hungary was Mgtyas Bir6 D6vay (q.v.), who in his first efforts followed the lead of Luther, but after 1542 favored the Swiss tendency. Owing to the activity of Peter Melius, Debreczin became, after 1558, the spiritual center of the Reformed movement, to which almost all Hungarian Protestants submitted, while Transylvania remained Lutheran. The first confession of the Reformed was occasioned by the attempts at a Counterreformation by Bishop Anton Verantz of Erlau, who was under the influence of the Jesuits. The confession appeared in 1562 as Confessio Catholics . . . exhtTrita sacratissimo et Catholico Romanorum Imperatori Ferdinando et flio sure Majestatis Regi Maximiliano . . . , and also as Confessio eccdesim Debreciensis. The document was not well digested or arranged, and was unsymmetrical. This, therefore, led to a still closer affiliation with the Swiss theology. A synod of Tarczal in 1562 adopted, with slight changes, Beza's Confessio Chridiante ftdei under the title Compendium dootrance Christianw, quam omnes pastores et ministri ecclesiarum Dei in Iota Ungaria et Transsylvania, qua incorruptum Jesu Christi evangelium amplexce
aunt, docent ac profttentur. This document was supplanted again by the Confessio Helvetica posterior of Bullinger, although, at the synod of Debreczin in 1567, the former confessions were not annulled. A number of other synods set up new orthodox articles occasioned by the antitrinitarian controversies and the controversy on the Lord's Supper, as, for instance, the Confewio Czengerina of 1570. The modern Reformed Church in Hungary and Austria accepts only the Helvetic Confession and the Heidelberg Catechism.
Bibliography: K. Müller, Bekenntnisschriften der reformierten K%rcha, Leipsic, 1903; E. BShl, Confessio Helvetica posterior, pp. zv sqq., Vienna, 1868; P. Bod, Hist. Run. parorum eccl., vol. i., Leyden, 1888; F. Balogh, in Reformed Church Review, July, 1906.
HUNGARY.
The kingdom of Hungary, in southern Europe, forms, with Austria, the Austro-Hungarian monarchy (see Austria). The lands of the Hungarian crown, comprising Hungary proper (with Transylvania), Croatia and Slavonia, and the district of Fiume, have an area of 125,430 square miles and a population (1901) of 19,254,559, of whom 8,742,301 (45.4 per cent) speak the Magyar language; 2,135,181 (11.1 per cent) the German; 2,019,641 (10.5 per cent) the Slovak; 2,799,479 (14.5 per cent) the Rumanian; 429,447 (2.2 per cent) the Ruthenian; 1,678,569 (8.7 per cent) the Croatian; 1,052,180 (5.5 per cent) the Servian; and 397,761 (2.1 per cent) other languages. At the census of 1901 there were 9,919,913 (51.5 per cent) Roman Catholics; 1,854,143 (9.6 per cent) Greek Uniats; 2,815,713 (14.6 per cent) Greek Orientals; 1,288,942 (6.7 per cent) Lutherans; 2,441,142 (12.7 per cent) of the Reformed Church; 68,568 (0.4 per cent) Unitarians; 851,378 (4.4 per cent) Jews; and 14,760 (0.1 per cent) of other sects (Anglicans, Baptists, Nazarites, etc.). By law 20 of the year 1848 full equality and reciprocity were guaranteed to the Roman Catholic, Greek, Lutheran, Reformed, and Unitarian churches, the expenses of the above churches for ecclesiastical and school purposes to be borne by the State, but the complete fulfilment of this promise still lies in the future. Law 42 of the year 1895 added the Jewish religion, and the Baptists were recognized by the ministerial order of Nov. 2, 1905.
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