HUMPHREY, WILLIAM GILSON: Church of England; b. at Sudbury (19 m. w. of Ipswich), Suffolk, Jan. 30, 1815; d. in London Jan. 10, 1886. He was educated at Trinity College, Cambridge (B.A., 1837; M.A., 1840), and was elected fellow of his college in 1839, retaining this position, as well as those of steward and assistant tutor, until 1847, being also proctor in 1845-46. After a brief trial of the law, he was ordered deacon in 1842, and ordained priest in the following year. He was examining chaplain to the bishop of London (1847-55), rector of Northolt, Middlesex (1852-55), and vicar of St. Martin-in-the-Fields, London, from 1855 until his death. He was Hulsean lecturer in 1849-50, Boyle lecturer in 1857-58, prebendary of Twyford in St. Paul's Cathedral after 1852, and rural dean of St. Martin-in-the-Fields after 1855. He was also one of the original members of the New Testament Company of the Bible-Revision Commission, and for thirty years was a treasurer of the Society for the Promotion of Christian Knowledge. Besides

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editing Theophilus of Antioch's Ad Autolycum (Cambridge, 1852) and Theophylact's "Commentary on Matthew" (1854), he wrote A Commentary on Acts (London, 1847); The Doctrine of a Future State (Hulaean Lectures 1850); The Early Progress of the Gospel (Hulsean Lectures 1851); An Historical and Explanatory Treatise on the Book of Common Prayer (1853); The Miracles (Boyle Lectures 1858); The Character of St. Paul (Boyle Lectures 1859); A Commentary on the Revised Version of the New Testament for English Readers (1882); and the posthumous Occasional Sermons (London 1887) and The Godly Life (sermons; 1889).

Bibliography: DNB, viii. 252-253.

HUNDESHAGEN, hlin"des-hiq'gen, KARL BERNHARD: Theologian of the Reformed Church of Germany; b. at Friedewald (33 m, s.s.e. of Cassel) Jan. 10, 1810; d. at Bonn June 2, 1873. Before he had reached his fifteenth year he began philological studies at the University of Giessen, but soon turned to theology, devoting himself chiefly to church history. Being expelled from the university for connection with the Burachenschaft, he went to Halle in 1829, but the next year returned to Giessen and established himself in the philosophical faculty, lecturing on church history and Christian antiquities. By a treatise on the mystic theology of Gerson (1833) he became licentiate of theology and in 1834 followed a call as professor to the newly established University of Bern. In 1836 he was received into the clergy of Bern, and in 1841 he became rector of the university. From 1847 to 1867 he was professor of New Testament exegesis and church history in Heidelberg, and from 1867 till his death he was professor at Bonn.

A work which caused a great sensation and made Hundeshagen's name famous in the theological world was his (anonymous) Der deutsche Protestantismus, seine Vergangenheit und seine heutigen Lebensfragen, im Zuaammenhang mit der gesammten naliondlen Entwickelung, beleuchtet von einem deutschen Theologen (Frankfort, 1846). It is one of the few theological works of the nineteenth century which influenced the general movement of culture beyond the smaller circle of professional theologians. He aimed to show in his book that the diseased conditions of the religious and national life in Germany were intimately connected with each other and could be healed only in their mutual relation. He starts from the idea of the Reformation as the fundamental factor in German history, and shows it to be in its innermost essence a matter of conscience, and not of knowledge. In the course of time this fundamental factor of ethics united with an intellectual factor-the principle of free investigation for the sake of conscience. The soundness of the intellectual principle is conditioned by its synthesis with the ethical. The history of German Protestantism shows how the neglect of the ethical

factor and the one-sided development of the intellectual principle was the cause of the old orthodoxy, then

of rationalism, and finally of the so-called higher criticism in our modern time, and that always in connection with a condition in state affairs, which deprived the national spirit of its natural roots in a powerful principle of ethics and pressed it toward

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a one-sidedly intellectual life. After the development of these fundamental thoughts Hundeshagen turns toward the ecclesiastical questions of the time, throwing light upon Pietism, ecclesiastical science, the theological and churchly reaction, the question of symbols from the standpoint of theology and church polity, the Christian State, the " Friends of Light," the question of church constitution, the supposed "mission of the German Catholics," and finally "Protestantism as a political principle."

Hundeshagen's principal scientific work is the presentation of his positive, though liberal, ideas on church polity in his Beiträge zur Kirchenver fassungsgeschichte and Kirchenpolitik, insbesondere des Protestardismus (vol. i., Wiesbaden, 1864; no more published). It consists of three parts. The first treats " the religious and ethical condition of Christian piety according to their mutual relation and their respective influence upon the doctrinal peculiarities and church organization of older Prot estantism." The second part treats " the Reform atory work of Ulrich Zwingli, or the theocracy in Zurich," which may be designated as the moat important and the classic presentation of the Zurich Reformation. Hundeshagen finds the main fault of Zwingli's Reformatory efforts in his theo cratical organization. The third and most com prehensive part discusses " the distinguishing religious peculiarities of Lutheran and Reformed Protestantism and their reaction upon the capacity of both for church organization." Hundeshagen finds little talent for church organization in the Lu theran Church because doctrinal interests are con founded with those of a churchly and religious nature.

(W. Beyschlag†.)

Bibliography: A selection of the writings of Hundeshagen was published by T. Cbristlieb with a catalogue of the published works, Gotha, 1874; Christlieb also issued K. B. Hundeahagen, Eine Lebenaskizze, Gotha, 1873. Consult also: Riebm, in TSK, 1874; P. Schaff, Germany, its Universities, Theology and Religion, pp. 399 sqq., Philadelphia, 1857.