HAMBURGER, JAKOB: German Jewish rabbi; b. at Loslau (100 m. s.e. of Breslau), Silesia, Nov. 10, 1826. He was educated at the rabbinical schools of Rotzenplotz, Presburg, and Nikolaburg, and at the universities of Breslau and Berlin (Ph.D., Leipsic, 1852). He was then rabbi at Neustadt-beiPinne (1852-59), and since 1859 has been rabbi at Mecklenburg-Strelit.z. He has written Geist and Ursprung der aramaischen Uebersetzung des Pentateuchs, bekannt enter dem Namen Targum Onkelos (Leipsic, 1852); Der Geist der Hagada, Sammlung hagadischer Ausspruchhe aus den Talmudim and Midraschim (1859); and the important Realencyclopadie des Judentums (3 vols., Strelitz and Leipsic, 1865-91, n. e. completed 1901).
HAMEL, h8"mel', JEAN BAPTISTE DU: French Roman Catholic; b. at Vire (36 m. s.w. of Caen), Normandy, 1624; d. Aug. 6, 1706. He studied at Paris and in 1643 entered the congregation of the Oratory, which he left ten years later to become pastor at Neuilly-sur-Marne. He was secretary of the Academy of Sciences at Paris from 1666 till 1699. In 1668 he attended the peace negotiations at Aachen and then accompanied the French ambassador to England. He was held in high esteem by the leading scholars of his time. Aside from writings on physics and mathematics, his principal works are: De eonsensu veteris et nova= philosophice .(Paris, 1663); Philosophia vetus et nova ad usum scholm accommodata (4 vols., 1678); and Theologia speculatrix et practica juxta sanctorum patrum dogmata pertractata (7 vols.,1691), which he abbreviated as Theologia cleriaorum seminariis accommodates summarium (5 vols., 1694). All of these works have been frequently edited and reprinted. Other works are, Institutiones biblicte see scripturte sacrw prolegomena (2 vols:, 1698); and a large edition of the Vulgate, with notes (2 vols., 1706).
Bibliography: Niceron, Mémoiree, i. 265 sqq.; C. G. Heinrich, Geschichte der roerachitdanen Lehrarten der Ariatlichen Glaubsnewahrheiten, pp. 382 sqq., lApeic, 1780; Journal dea savane, 1707, supplement, pp. 88 sqq.; KL, v. 148081.
HAMEL, JEAN DU: Jesuit theologian of the second half of the sixteenth century. He taught theology at Louvain, where, on account of his SemiPelagian views concerning predestination and grace, he came into conflict with Michael Bajus (q.v.), then chancellor of the university. The result was that in 1587 thirty-four theses taken from the lectures of Hamel and his Jesuit colleague, Leonardus Lessius (q.v.) were condemned by the theological faculty at Louvain. This action was indorsed by the University of Dousi. After the two Jesuits had received the support of several other universities, Rome interfered and declared that their teachings were dogmatically unobjectionable.
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