HAMBURG, ARCHBISHOPRIC OF: The Saxon territory north of the Elbe made a stubborn resistance to Christianity. It is not till 780 that the Nordleudi submitted to baptism, and even then it was rather an act of submission to Charlemagne than the result of missionary labor. , The first church in Hamburg was certainly not built till after 804, for it was consecrated by Amalarius of Treves, who had been in charge of the mission there, and who entered on his episcopate -in that year. Later a priest named Heridac took his place in this district. When Louis the Pious completed the organization of the Saxon bishoprics, he divided the territory between Bremen' and Verden. Later, however, he conceived the idea of erecting an archbishopric on the northern frontier in connection with the Scandinavian nusaion, and in 831 he had Ansgar (q.v.) consecrated by his brother Drogo of Metz as the head of a diocese formed out of parts of Bremen and Verden. Christianity was still in a rudimentary stage here; there were only four "baptismal churches," at Hamburg, Heiligenstedten, Sch6nefeld, and Meldorf. The archbishopric of Hamburg at first had no suffragans. Gregory IV. named him papal legate for the north and east of Europe; but this was at first rather an empty title. After Hamburg was destroyed by the Northmen in 845, the existence of the bishopric was possible only by a union with Bremen (q.v.), which gave rise to a long controversy with Hermann of Cologne, to whose metropolitan jurisdiction Bremen had been subject. Pope Formosus decided in 892 that Hamburg and Bremen should be united until the former had suffragan sees of its own. These were not erected until 947, when Adaldag was consecrated bishop for Sleswick, Ripen and Aarhus; Oldenburg apparently came later. Bremen, however, still remained united with Hamburg, Bruno of Cologne renouncing his claims. Archbishop Unwan asserted metropolitan rights over Denmark, Norway and Sweden; but it was only a question of time when these countries should have national churches of their own, which was finally brought to pass when Paschal II. raised Lund to an archbishopric in 1104. Archbishop Adalbero succeeded in checking the progress of separation for the moment at the Lateran Council of 1123, and Innocent II. in 1133 confirmed the old rights of Hamburg; but the same pope in 1137 finally dissolved the connection of the northern countries with Hamburg, which, however, kept Oldenburg and increased its jurisdiction by the foundation of new dioceses of Mecklenburg (Schwerin) and Ratzeburg.

(A. Hauck.)

Bibliography: 7: The sources are: J. M. Lappenberl<, HambureiscAes Urkundenbuch, Hamburg, 1842; Adam of Bremen, Gesta Hammaburpensia ecclesias yontifcum, in MGH, Script., vii (1846), 267; Series Bremenaium et Hammaburpenaium episcoporum, in the same, p. 389; Annales Hamburgensea, in MGH, Script., xvi (1859), 38o; P. Hasse, Regeaten and Urkunden Schleawig-HolateinLavenburp, Hamburg, 1885 sqq. Consult Rettberg, KD, ii. 490; K. Koppmann, Die 4lteaten Urkunden des Erzbistuma Hamburg-Bremen, Hamburg, 1866; G. Dehio,Geschichte des Erzbiatums Hamburg-Bremen, 2 vols., Berlin, 1878; Hauck, KD, ii. 675 sqq. et passim; T. Tamm, Die Anfringe des Embiseuma Hamburg-Bremen, Jena, 1888; Neander, Christian Church, iii. 271-290 et passim; and the literature under Adalbert and Ansgar.