GREGORY (Gk. Gr9gorioa): The name of several patriarchs of Constantinople, the most important being the following:

Gregory III.: Patriarch 1445-48; d. at Rome 1459. He was a Cretan by origin, and bore the epithets of Mamas, Melissenus, and Strategopulus. As protosyneellus of the patriarch of Constantinople and confessor of the Emperor John VIII., Palteologus, he attended the council held at Florence for a union of the Greek and Roman Churches (see Ferrara-Florence, Council of). Originally orthodox, he now became an adherent of the Roman party, and after his return was appointed patriarch. On the death of the emperor in 1448, however, he was forced to resign, spending the remainder of his life at Rome. In defense of the union he wrote his three works, "Apology for the Confession of Ephesus"; "Apology for the Epistle of Ephesus"; and "To the King of Trebizond." His sole argument for union was its harmony with the teachings of the Church Fathers.

Bibliography: The three works are in MPG, clx. 13-248. Consult Fabrieius-Harles, Biblioywca Grwca, xi. 393-394, Hamburg. 1808; Krumbacher, Geschichte, p . 119.

Gregory V.: Patriarch 1797-98, 1806-08,1818-1821; b. at Dimitzana (40 m. n.w. of Sparta) 1745; d. at Constantinople Apr. 22, 1821. He was educated at Athens, Smyrna, and Patmos, and in 1785 was consecrated metropolitan of Smyrna, becoming patriarch of Constantinople twelve years later. In the following year the intrigues of the clergy forced him to resign, although he ruled again from 1806 to 1808. His third patriarchate lasted from 1818 to his strangulation by the order of the Sultan. The manner of his death has caused Gregory to be regarded as the martyr of Greek freedom, although he took no part in the uprising of his fellow countrymen, and his attitude toward the Greek movement for independence was unsympathetic. As patriarch, he promoted the welfare of his Church in all ways, and particularly by education. He made Romaic translations of the nine homilies of Basil on the hexaemeron (Constantinople, 1807), as well as the addresses of Chrysostom on the priesthood (new edition by J. Papadopulos, Smyrna, 1879), and he is also said to have edited the "Ethics" of Basil in 1807.

Bibliography: Accounts of his life, in Greek, appeared at Athens in 1863 and, in 2 vols., 1885. Gregory VI.: Patriarch 1835-40, 1867-71; b.

Mar. 13, 1798; d. at Constantinople June 20, 1881. His entire tendency was reactionary and devoted to the purification of the Greek Church from all foreign elements. In this spirit he waged an unceasing war against the Occidental churches, both Protestant and Roman Catholic, as well as against every liberal movement within his own communion, so that he may almost be said to have given his impression to the present Greek Orthodox Church. Important

factors in this struggle were his decrees, which have been collected by Gedeon and partially translated into German by Wenger.

(Philipp Meyer.)

Bibliography: J. Wenger, Beltrdp our Kenntnlse dee pepenw&tipen asides and zustandes der priechischen Kirche in Griwhenland und der TRrkey., Berlin, 1839; M. 1. Gedeon, narp&apxucoi*ivases, Constantinople, n.d.; idem. Harovwai gtarasat, 2 vols., ib. 1888-89.

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