GREGORY OF ELVIRA: Bishop of Elvira, in Spain (hence called Bwticm, the "Andalusian"); fl. c. 357-384. He was one of the stanchest western adherents of the Nicene Creed. He rigorously opposed Hosius of Cordova (q.v.) when the latter returned from exile; and stood firmly in relation to the Homoian party at the synod of Ariminum, 359. Afterward he joined Lucifer of Calaris (q.v.), and became one of the leaders of the Luciferians. It seems probable that Gregory composed the socalled Tractatus Origenis (ed. P. Batiffol, Paris, 1900), and "Five Homilies on Canticles" (ed. G. Heine, in Bibliotheca anecdotorum, Leipsic, 1848). He is the probable source, besides, of a brief tract, De file, generally attributed to Ambrose (Vigilius of Thapsus, Phaebordius of Agennum, MPL, xx. 31; cf. Jerome, De vir. ill., cv.). Moreover, Kattenbusch holds that to Gregory should be credited Exhortatw sands Ambroadi episeopi ad neophytos de aymbolo (cf. C. P. Caspari, Quellen our Geschichte des Taufsymbole, ii. 128-182, Christiania, 1869).

G. Krüger.

Bibliography: F. Kattenbusch, Das apostdische Symbol, 2 vols., Leipsic, 1894-1900 (consult Index); G. Morin, in Revue de i'histoire et de litttrature religieuses, 1900, pp. 145-161; A. Wilmaert in Bulletin de to litt,6rature ecddsiaetique, 1906, pp. 233-299; DCB, ii. 739-740.

GREGORY OF HEIMBURG: German popular reformer; b. at Schweinfurt (22 m. n.n.e. of Würzburg) about the beginning of the fifteenth century; d. at Dresden 1472. His importance has been overestimated; he was no "forerunner of the Reformation," still less "a civil Luther." As a youth he devoted himself to legal and humanistic studies and took the degree of doctor of civil and canon law at Padua about 1430. Upon his return to Germany he practised law, and was present at Basel during the sessions of the Council, becoming acquainted there with Rneas Sylvius Piccolomini (afterward Pope Pius II.). In 1435 he was elected syndic of Nuremberg and held this influential position till 1461. He often had an opportunity to play a part in public affairs, and to work for the diminution of the influence of the Italian papacy in Germany. In 1446 he headed a delegation which the German electors sent to Pope Eugenius IV. Angered by the ill success of his mission, he wrote against the curia, after his return, his Admonitia de injustis usurpationibus paparum. When Æneas Sylvius was elected pope in 1458, his antipapal spirit became even more aggressive. The new pope convoked a meeting of the German princes at Mantua in 1459, at which Gregory was present as the representative of Sigismund of Austria to oppose the crusade projected by Pius against the Turks, and where he even delivered a mocking discourse against the pope. Pius soon found an opportunity to take vengeance. When Duke Sigismund of the Tyrol had fallen out with Nicholas of Cusa, cardinal bishop of Brixen, and had been excommunicated by the pope (June 1, 1460), Gregory pleaded his cause. Pius II. now excommunicated Gregory also, and, in a brief dated Oct. 18, 1460, requested the city council of Nuremberg to expel the offender and to confiscate his property. Gregory replied in a stern appeal to a future council.. In 1464 Nicholas of Cusa and Pius II. died. Sigismund had made his peace with the pope shortly before and had obtained absolution, but Gregory remained under the ban, which obliged him to leave the court of the duke of Austria. He went to Bohemia to King George Podiebrad, in whose interest'he continued to oppose the papacy in controversial writings. The death of his protector drove Gregory from Bohemia, and he now fixed his residence in Saxony, whose dukes had asked his advice on former occasions. When Sixtus IV. ascended the papal throne, he obtained absolution, and died in the same year. His polemical works were published under the title Scripta nervosa justititeque plena (Frankfort, 1608).

Paul Tschackert.

Bibliography: J. M. Dfx, Nicolaus von Cusa, especially book iv., 2 vols., Regensburg, 1848; C. Broekhaue, Gregor van Neimburp, Leipsic, 1861; A. JAger, Der Streit des . Nicolaua von Cuaa mil dens Hersop Sigmund von Oesterre", 2 vols., Innsbruck, 1861; G. Voigt, Xnea Silvio de' Piccolomin%, ii. 349-351, Berlin, 1862; C. Uhlmann, Reformers before the Reformation, i 195-202, Edinburgh, 1874; Lorenz, DGQ, i. 220, ii. 382-384; P. Joachimson, Gregor Heimburp, Bamberg, 1891; Pastor, Popes, iii. 184-192 et passim; Creighton, Papacy, iii. 32, 76-$1, 256-265 et passim; KL, v. 1648-52; ADB,.:a. 327.