GUENTHER, gwen'ter, ANTON: Roman Catholic philosopher and theologian; b. at Lindenau, near Leitmeritz (34 In. n.n.w. of Prague), Bohemia, Nov. 17, 1783; d. at Vienna Feb. 24, 1863. He studied philosophy and jurisprudence at Prague and theology in the academy at Raab, Hungary. In 1820 he received consecration as a priest and in 1822 entered the Jesuit cloister of Starawies, in Galicia. After a two years' noviciate he went to Vienna, where he spent the rest of his life as a private priest and (till 1848) censor of philosophical and juridical books. When his own works were placed on the Index in 1857 he submitted to the ecclesiastical authority. As a philosopher his aim was to effect a reconciliation between knowledge and faith. and place the dogmas of the Roman Catholic Church on a firm philosophical foundation. For current pantheism he substituted dualism, on the basis of which he sought to show that God exists outside of the world, that he can not be identified with his creation. The two opposing principles in the world, which is objectified by God, are nature and spirit, and man is the synthesis of both of these. Of his works the more important are: Vorschule z ur speku lativen Theologie des positiven Christentums (2 vols., Vienna, 1828-29; 2d ed., 1848); Peregrins Gastmahl (1830); Slid- and Nordliehter am Horizonte apeku lativer Theologie (1832 ); Thomas a Scrupulis. Zur Trans, figuration der Persiinlichkeits-Pantheismen der neuesten Zeit (1835); and Die Juste-Milieus in der deutschen Philosophie gegenwxirtiger Zeit (1838).

Bibliography: P. Knoodt, Anton Ganther, 2 vols., Vienna, 1881; F, H. Reusch, Der indev der verbotenen Bücher, ii. 1121-1125, Bonn, 1885.

GUERICKE, gt-ri'ke, HEINRICH ERNST FERDINAND: German Lutheran theologian; b. at Wettin (15 m. n.e. of Elberfeld) Feb. 25, 1803; d. Halle Feb. 4, 1878. He studied at the University of Halle and in recognition of his biography of August Hermann Francke (Halle, 1827), and his Beiträge zur historiSeh-kritischen Etnleitung ins Neue Testament (1828-31) he was appointed associate professor at Halle in 1829. He was a zealous student of the history of theology; and published several works which attained much popularity. Among these may be mentioned: Handbuch der Kirchengeschichte (Halle, 1833; Eng. transl., A Manual of Church History, Andover, 1857 ); Allgemeine christliche Symbolik (Leipsic, 1839); Historisch-kritische Einleitung in das Neue Testament (1843; 3d ed., entitled Neutestamentliche 1sagogik, 1867); and Lehrbuch der christlich-kirchlichen Archaeologie (1847; Eng. transl., Manual of the Antiquities of the Church, London, 1851 ). In 1834 he was ordained pastor of a small congregation at Halle, but when this congregation emigrated to America. a few years later he returned to his professorship, and in 1840 he founded, together with Dr. Rudelbach, the Zeitschrift für die gesammte lutherische Theologie and Kirche, of which he was associate editor until his death. His life of Francke was translated into English, London, 1837.

93