GUERRY, ger'i, WILLIAM ALEXANDER: Protestant Episcopal bishop of South Carolina; b. at Fulton, S. C., July 7, 1861. He was educated at the University of the South, Sewanee, Tenn. (M.A., 1884; B.D., 1888), and after being rector of St. John's, Florence, S. C., from 1888 to 1893, was chaplain and professor of homiletics and pastoral theology in the University of the South until 1907, when he was consecrated bishop coadjutor of South Carolina, and in 1908, on the death of the bishop, became full diocesan.

GUETZLAFF, guts'laf, KARL FRIEDRICH AUGUST: German Protestant missionary; b. at Pyritz (24 m. s.e. of Stettin), Pomerania, July 8,1803; d. at Hongkong, China, Aug. 9, 1851. In 1821 he entered the mission established in Berlin by Johann Jfinike. In 1823 he entered the service of the Netherlands Missionary Society. During 1826-28 he was located at Batavia where he learned the commonest Chinese dialects. In 1828 he went to Bangkok as an independent missionary, and in 1831 he proceeded to China, residing first at Macao, afterward at Hongkong, whence he made numerous journeys to various parts of the Chinese empire. He assisted W. H. Medhurst and Robert Morrison in translating the Bible into Chinese, wrote in Chinese several tracts of useful information, edited a monthly magazine in Chinese, and in 1844 founded at Hongkong an institution for the training of native missionaries. After 1835 he held the office of interpreter and secretary to the English commission, and by his knowledge of the people and country rendered valuable aid to the English during the Opium War. He wrote: Journal of Three Voyages along the Coast of China (London, 1834); A Sketch of Chinese History (2 vols., 1834); China Opened (2 vols., 1838); Geschichte des chinesischen Reichs (Stuttgart, 1847); Die Mission in China (Berlin, 1850); and The Life of Taou Kwang (1851).

Bibliography: J. C. Cosack, Leben and Hefmpanp C. P. A. GVtzlaff, Berlin, 1851.

GUIANA: A district of northeastern South America between the Atlantic Ocean, Brazil, and Venezuela. Colonization began about 1620 by the French and Dutch, and, more permanently, by the English in 1650. The present division into the three colonial governments of British, Dutch, and French Guiana was established by the Treaty of Breda (1667) and the Peace of Paris (1815).

British Guiana, the westernmost of the three colonies, was organized as a crown colony in 1831. The area is 90,277 square miles; population (1904), 301,923, chiefly negroes, East Indian coolies, and half-breeds; there are about 8,000 Indians living in the settled regions. The greater portion of the colored population had been won to at least a nominal Christianity through the missionary activity of the Anglican Church, which early adopted an organized mode of procedure, though the bishopric of Guiana was not created till 1842. The see is at the capital, Georgetown, or Demerara, and the diocese forms part of the province of the West Indies, having as metropolitan the archbishop of Jamaica. It now contains 120,000 souls. There is

also a synod of the Church of Scotland with fifteen ministers, and a Wesleyan Methodist district with twenty preachers. The Congregationalists have a few congregations, and the Moravians have planted settlements and congregations among the colored people in connection with their activity in the neighboring Dutch colony. The Coolie Mission Association and the Diocesan Mission Society are active in missionary work. The Roman Catholic Church had about 24,000 adherents, Irish immigrants and converts of the Jesuits, who have had general charge of the spiritual interests of those of their faith in the colony. The apostolic vicariate of British Guiana or Demerara was created in 1837.

Dutch Guiana or Surinam, east of British Guiana, has an area of 46,072 square miles and a population estimated at 90,000, about half of whom are descended from emancipated negro slaves. The largest number of adherents is accredited to the Moravians who settled in the colony as early as 1739, with missionary activity among the slaves primarily in view. They consecrated the first church for these Christians in 1796. At the abolition of slavery in 1863, some 20,000 of the 33,000 slaves belonged to the Brethren, and the total of their converts in 1902 amounted to 29,300. Next stands the Dutch Reformed Church, with seven congregations and about 5,000 souls; then the Anglican Church, the "Society for Free Evangelization," and two Presbyterian bodies with 4,000 followers all told. The Roman Catholic Church gained a footing in 1787 by opening a house of worship in the capital, Paramaribo, but closed it six years later, and Roman Catholic worship was not permanently reinstated until 1810. In 1842 the apostolic vicariate of Dutch Guiana was created for some 13,000 Catholics, the majority of whom are colored. They have pastors of the Redemptorist Order. There are upward of 1,200 Jews, mostly descendants of those expelled from Brazil in 1663; the first synagogue was built in 1730. Somewhat more numerous, 2,000 to 2,100, are the Mobammedans, and there are nearly 8,000 Brahmans who have come from India and supplanted the negroes on the plantations.

French Guiana or Cayenne, the easternmost of the three colonies, contains 27,027 square miles, with 33,000 inhabitants. The negro slaves (numbering at the time upward of 12,600) were emancipated in 1848. At the same time there were about 20,000 Indians in the sylvan interior of the country, about half of whom are still heathen. The Jesuits and the Capuchins who came as early as 1643, have labored among them, with but indifferent success Since 1816 this missionary activity has been con. tinued by the Fathers of the Holy Ghost. The apostolic prefecture of French Guiana was created in 1643. There are two Protestant churches be longing respectively to the French Reformed and the Presbyterians.

Wilhelm Goetz.

Bibliography: On British Guiana: T. H. Bernan, Mia eionarp Labour anwng the Indians of Bri" Guiana, Lon-

don 1847; W. H. Brett Mission Work among the Indian Trite of Guiana ib. 1881; T. Farrar, Notes on the Hist. of the Church in Guiana, Berbiae, 1892. On Dutch Guiana: W. G. Palgrave. DutcA Guiana,

London, 1878; A. %appler, Hottdndiadr(luzana, Stuttart, 1881. On

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French Guiana: F. Bonys. La Guysas fraepaisc Paris, 1887; E. Nibauk Guyane fraapaiss, ib. 1882; P. Mury, Les J&uites a Cayenne. Strasburg, 1895.