⁷⁷

adjectives of the consonant declension

291. Such adjectives as belong only to the consonant declension have two endings. Most such adjectives have stems in ες (nominative -ης and -ες) and ον (nominative -ων and -ον). Under ον stems fall comparative adjectives, as βελτί¯ων, βέλτῑον better.

a. There are some compounds with other stems: M. F. ἀπάτωρ, N. ἄπατορ fatherless, G. ἀπάτορος; ἄπολις ἄπολι without a country, ἀπόλιδος; αὐτοκράτωρ αὐτοκράτορ independent, αὐτοκράτορος; ἄρρην (older ἄρσην) ἄρρεν male, ἄρρενος; εὔχαρις εὔχαρι agreeable, εὐχάριτος; εὔελπις εὔελπι hopeful, εὐέλπιδος.  For the acc. of stems in ιτ and ιδ see 247. Neut. εὔχαρι and εὔελπι for εὐχαριτ, εὐελπιδ (133).

292. ἀληθής (ἀληθεσ-) true, εὔ-ελπις (εὐελπιδ-) hopeful are thus declined:

a. ἄληθες means indeed! Like ἀληθής are declined σαφής clear, εὐτυχής lucky, εὐγενής high-born, ἀσθενής weak, ἐγκρατής self-restrained, πλήρης full.

⁷⁸

b. The accusative pl. ἀληθεῖς has the form of the nominative.

c. Compound adjectives in -ης not accented on the last syllable show recessive accent even in the contracted forms. Thusφιλαλήθης lover of truth, neut. φιλάληθες, αὐτάρκης self-sufficient, neut. αὔταρκες, gen. pl. αὐτάρκων, not αὐταρκῶν.

N. – Except in neuter words in -ῶδες, -ῶλες, -ῶρες, and -ῆρες, as εὐῶδες sweetsmelling, ποδῆρες reaching to the feet. But τριήρων, not τριηρῶν, from τριήρης, 264.

d. εε(σ)α becomes εᾱ, not εη (56):  εὐκλεᾶ, ἐνδεᾶ for εὐκλεέα, ἐνδεέα from εὐκλεής glorious, ἐνδεής needy (G. εὐκλεοῦς, ἐνδεοῦς). But ιε(σ)α and υε(σ)α yield ιᾱ or ιη, υᾱ or υη. Thus, ὑγιᾶ or ὑγιῆ (ὑγιής healthy), εὐφυᾶ or εὐφυῆ (εὐφυής comely), cp. 56, 31, 2. The forms in -ῆ are due to the analogy of such forms as ἐμφερῆ (ἐμφερής resembling),

293. Stems in ον:  εὐδαίμων happy, βελτί¯ων better:

a. Like εὐδαίμων are declined μνήμων μνῆμον mindful, ἀγνώμων, ἄγνωμον unfeeling, ἄφρων ἄφρον senseless, πέπων πέπον ripe, σώφρων σῶφρον prudent.

b. Like βελτί¯ων are declined μείζων μεῖζον greater, κακί̄ων κάκῑον baser, ἐλά^̄ττων ἔλᾱττον less.

c. The neuter nominative and accusative have recessive accent.

d. Comparatives are formed from stems in ον and in ος; cp. Lat. meliōris for meliōs-is. ος appears in βελτί¯ω for βελτῑο(σ)-α, acc. sing. masc. fem. and nom. acc. neut. pl., and in βελτί¯ους for βελτῑο(σ)-ες, nom. pl. masc. fem. The accusative plural borrows the nominative form. Cp. 251 b. The shorter forms were more frequent in everyday speech than in literature.

consonant and vowel declension combined

294. Adjectives of the consonant declension having a separate form for the feminine inflect the feminine like a substantive of the first declension ending in -ᾰ (216).

295. The feminine is made from the stem of the masculine (and neuter) by adding the suffix -ι ̯α (yα), which is combined with the preceding syllable in different ways. The genitive plural feminine is always perispomenon (cp. 208).  For the feminine dual, see 287 b.

296. Stems in υ (-υς, -εια, -υ). – The masculine and neuter have the inflection of πῆχυς and ἄστυ, except that the genitive singular masculine and neuter ends in -ος (not -ως) and -εα in the neuter plural remains uncontracted.

297. ἡδύς sweet is thus declined:

So βαθύς deep, γλυκύς sweet, εὐρύς broad, ὀξύς sharp, ταχύς swift.

a. In ἡδεῖα -ι ̯α has been added to ἡδεϜ- = ἡδει ̯-, a stronger form of the stem ἡδυ- (cp. 270). The nominative masculine ἡδεῖς is used for the accusative.

b. The adjectives of this declension are oxytone, except ἥμισυς half, θῆλυς female, and some compounds, as δίπηχυς of two cubits.

298. Stems in ν (-ᾱς, -αινα, -αν; -ην, -εινα, -εν).  μέλᾱς black, τέρην tender are declined as follows:

⁸⁰

Like μέλᾱς is declined one adjective:  τάλᾱς, τάλαινα, τάλαν wretched.

a. μέλᾱς is for μελαν-ς by 37, 96. With the exception of μέλᾱς and τάλᾱς, adjective stems in ν reject ς in the nom. sing. μέλασι for μελαν-σι 96 a, 250 N. The feminine forms μέλαινα and τέρεινα come from μελαν-ι ̯α, τερεν-ι ̯α by 111. The vocatives μέλαν and τέρεν are rare, the nominative being used instead.

299. Stems in ντ occur in a few adjectives and in many participles (301). χαρίεις graceful and πᾶς all are declined thus:

⁸¹

Like χαρίεις are inflected πτερόεις winged, φωνήεις voiced, δακρυόεις tearful. Adjectives in -όεις and -ήεις are generally poetical or Ionic.  φωνήεντα meaning vowels is always open.

a. χαρίεις, πᾶς are derived from χαριεντ-ς, παντ-ς by 100; χαρίεν from χαριεντ- by 133. The ᾱ of πᾶν (for πᾰν(τ)-) is irregular and borrowed from πᾶς.  Compounds have ᾰ:  ἅπαν, σύμπαν.

b. From χαριετ- is derived χαρίεσσα with σσ, not ττ, by 114 a.  χαριετ- is a weak form of the stem χαριεντ-; it appears also in χαρίεσι for χαριετ-σι (98). Participles in -εις (307) form the feminine from the strong stem -εντ + ι ̯α.  πᾶσα stands for παντσα out of παντ-ι ̯α (113 a). πάντων, πᾶσι are accented contrary to 252; but παντός, παντί, πᾱσῶν are regular.

c. Adjectives in -όεις contract, as μελιτοῦς, μελιτοῦττα, μελιτοῦν, G. μελιτοῦντος, μελιτούττης, etc. (μελιτόεις honied). πτερόεις has πτεροῦντα, πτεροῦσσα.  So in names of places:  Ἀργεννοῦσσαι Argennusae for -όεσσαι; Ῥαμνοῦς, -οῦντος, for Ῥαμνόεις, -όεντος.