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Toorenenbergen THE NEW SCHAFF-HERZOG ToHSanus feasor of church history at Amsterdam (1880-92). Theologically he was Evangelical and confessional. In dogmas he emphasized the ethical side, being thus akin to A. R. Vinet (q.v.) whom he greatly admired. The historical creeds he regarded as his torical memorials and as binding only in so far as they were in harmony with the Gospel. The main thing in the Gospel was what was essentially vital to salvation. His views on the creeds are presented in the introduction to his Eene bladzijde uit de ge schiedenis der nederlandsehe geloofsbelijdenis (The Hague, 1862), in which he published the original edition of such a confession. With it was connected his edition of De symbolische schriften filer neder landsche Hervormde Kerk (Utrecht, 1869). In criti cism of J. H. Scholten (q.v.) on the doctrine of the Netherland church, he published his Bijdragen tot de verklaring, toetsing en onturikkeling van de leer der Hervormde Kerk (1865), a storehouse of dogmatic and historical learning. His dogmatic point of view may be studied best in his De ehristelijke geloofsleer (Culemborg, 1876; 2d improved ed., 1893). Too renenbergen was most important, however, as a church historian. In 1870 he was one of the founders of the Marnix-Vereeniging, and among his contri butions to its publications of noteworthy documents for the history of the Reformed Church were: Acten van colloquia der nederlandsche gemeenten in Enge land 1575-1609. 2de stuk i612-24 (Utrecht, 1872), with appendix containing selected acts till 1706; Gheschiedenissen ende handelingen die voorneme lick aengaen de nederduytsche natie ende gemeynten woonende in Engelant ende int bysonder tot London (1873); Stukken betreffende de diatonic der vreem delingen to Emden (1876); Handelingen van den kerkeraad der nederlandsche gemeente to Keulen 1571-91 (1881); and Acten van classicale en synodale vergaderingen der verstrooide gemeenten in het land van Cleef, Sticht van Keulen en A ken, 1571--89 (1882; the latter two in collaboration with H. Q. Janssen). He specially devoted himself to the study of the works of Philips van Marnix (q.v.), and produced an admirable edition, Philips van Marnix godstien stige en kerkelijke geschriften (3 vole., The Hague, 1871-91), followed by his Marnixiana anonyma (1903). Toorenenbergen was also the editor of Het ottdste nederlandsche verboden boek 1523. (Econ omica christiana. Summa der godliker schrifturen (Leyden, 1882). (S. D. vAN VEEN.) BIBLIOGRAPHY: A life by L. W. Bakhuizen van den Brink
is in Leuensberichten der aJpeatorvene medeleden van de Maatachappij der Nederland. Letterkunde to Leiden, pp.133-159, Leyden, 1906.
TOPLADY, AUGUSTUS MONTAGUE: Calvinist and hymnist; b. at Farnham (20 m. s.w. of Windsor), England, Nov. 4, 1740; d. in London Aug. 11, 1778. He was for a while at Westminster school; removed to Ireland, 1755, and studied at Trinity College, Dublin (B.A., 1760; M. A., later); was converted, 1755; turned to extreme Calvinism, 1758; was ordained deacon, 1762; licensed to the curacy of Blagdon, 1762; ordained priest, 1764; was curate of Farleigh, Hungerford, 17646; held the benefice of Harpford with Venn-Ottery, 17661768; and that of Broad Hembury, 1768-78. In 1775, under leave of non-residence from his living
TO REMAIN BIBLE. See BIBLE VE1iSION6, B, IV., § 9.
TORGAU ARTICLES. See Auasauna CoNFESBION, § 1.
TORGAU, BOOB OF. See FORMULA OF CoN conn, § 3.
TORM, FREDERIK EMANUEL: Danish theologian; b. at Chefoo, China, Aug. 24, 1870. In 1874 his parents moved to Copenhagen, and he was graduated from the Metropolitan school there (1888), and from the University of Copenhagen (candidate in theology, 1894) ; and continued his studies in Italy, Germany, and England (1895-97). He published En kritisk Fremstilling of Novatianus Liv og Forfattervirksomhed (1901), and in the same year Valentinianismens Historic og Lcere, for which he was granted the degree of Lie. theol. In 1899 he became a coeditor of Theologisk Tidsskrift, for which he has written many articles and reviews; and in 1903 was made professor of New-Testament exegesis in the University of Copenhagen. He is on the Danish Board of Missions which works among the Jews. JOHN O. EVTEN.BIBLIOaBeraY: C. F. Bricka, Dansk bioyraJisk Lexilcon, avii. 483, 19 vole., Copenhagen, 1887-1905.
TORQUEMADA, for"ke-md'dd, JUAN DE (JOHANNES DE TURRECREMATA) : Spanish theologian; b. at Valladolid 1388; d.at Rome Sept. 26,1468. He entered the Dominican order, and, being distinguished for piety and learning, accompanied the Dominican superior, P. Luis, to the Council of Constance. He obtained the doctor's degree at Paris in 1423, and appeared next as prior of his cloister at Valladolid, later at Toledo. Eugenius IV. called him to Rome in 1431, appointed him magister sacri palatii, and sent him as theologian to the Council of Basel, where he appeared as indefatigable champion of the curialists. He was among those who left Basel to hold an opposing council at Ferrara. Ire became cardinal in 1439. Most of his writings
at Broad Hembury, he removed to London, where he ministered in the French Calvinist Reformed church in Orange Street. Toplady's talent and earnestness were great. He and Wesley clashed in Calvinism and Arminianism, and as a result his works, filled with the most advanced doctrine, also contained the most conscientiously acrimonious controversy. His poetry was better than his polemic. He was the author of the noted hymn " Rock of Ages," published in the Gospel Magazine (London, 1776); and Poems on Sacred Subjects (Dublin, 1759); Historic Proof of the Doctrinal Calvinism of the Church of England (London, 1774) ; collected Psalms and Hymns (1776); and wrote A Course of Prayer (1790?). A new edition of his works with a memoir appeared (6 vole., 1825); and his Hymns and Sacred Poems (reprint, 1860).
BIBLIOGRAPHY: Besides the Memoir in the Works and a sketch of the life in the Hymns and Sacred Poems, ut sup., consult: Memo%r of Some Principal Circumstances in the Life . . . of . . . A. M. Toplady, London, 1778; Memoirs of the Rev. Mr. Toplady, fib. 1794, Boston, 1817; W. Winters, Memoirs of the Life and Writings of the Rev. A. M. Toplady, London, 1872; DNB, lvii. 57-59.
