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488 RELIGIOUS ENCYCLOPEDIA Tolstoy Toorenenbergen
TOMBES, JOHN: Baptist; b. at Bewdley (13 m. n.n.w. of Worcester), England, 1603 (or 1602?); d. at Salisbury May 22, 1676. He studied at Magdalen Hall, Oxford (B.A., 1621; M.A., 1624; B.D., 1631); became catechism lecturer; gained a reputation as a tutor; took orders, 1624, and was a lecturer of St. Martin Carfax, 1624-30. He quickly came into note as a preacher, and was for a time, in 1630, preacher at Worcester, but from 1630 to the Restoration, except for the interval of 1643-54, he was vicar of Leominster, Herefordshire; of All Saints, Bristol, 1643; rector of St. G~.briel, London, 1643-45; master of the Temple, 1645-47; curate of Bewdley, 1647-50. While at Bewdley he was for awhile rector of Ross, Herefordshire, and later master of St. Catherine's Hospital, Ledbury. In 1654 he became one of Cromwell's triers. In 1660 he went to London and wrote in favor of the royal supremacy in both ecclesiastical and civil matters. He conformed in a lay capacity there, and had Clarendon for a friend. After 1661 he lived chiefly at Salisbury. He was a vigorous, learned, and unwearied opponent of infant baptism. He had public debates upon this topic with Baxter and others, and wrote numerous treatises upon it. Of his writings may be mentioned Two Treatises and an Appendix to them Concerning Infant Baptism (2 parts, London, 1645); Apology for the Two Treatises (1646); Antipcedobaptism (3 parts, 1652-57); A Public Dispute Touching Infant-Baptism (1654); Emmanuel, Concerning the Two Natures in Christ (1669); Animadversiones in librum G. Bulli, Harmonic apostolicd (1676).
BIBLIOGRAPHY: A. h Wood, Athens Oxonienaea, ed. P. Bliss, iii. 1062-63, and Fasti, ii. 397, 415. 461. 4 vols., London, 1813-20; DNB, lvii. 2-4 (where references to scattering notices are given).
TONGUES, GIFT OF. See SPEAKING WITH TONGUES.
TONSURE: In Roman Catholic usage, a roundshaven spot on the top of thQ head which serves to distinguish clerics from laymen. It is regarded as a " preparation for receiving orders " (Roman catechism, de ordinibus sacris, iii.), hence is conferred previous to ordination, at present usually in connection with the lower grades. Bishops, cardinal priests (for their titular churches), and abbots (for regular members of their houses) have the right to confer it. No special time or place is prescribed for the ceremony. The recipient must be confirmed, must know the elements of the faith, and must be able to read and write; hence the tonsure can not be conferred before the completion of the seventh year. Some Roman Catholic liturgical writers conjecture without proof that it was introduced by Peter, and symbolizes the crown of thorns, the royal dignity of the priesthood, renunciation of the world and its vanities, and the like. It guarantees to the recipient the rights and privileges of a cleric, must always be retained, and is renewed monthly except for good reason, but clerics of lower grade without benefice may neglect renewal. Tonsure is a heathen custom which entered the Church by way of monasticism. The priests of Isis and Serapis shaved the head, and Christian ascetics, both male and female, in Egypt and Syria imitated $L-30
them as early as the middle of the fourth century. The practise spread rapidly and from the monastic discipline was transferred to both penitents and the clergy, leading in the latter case to the tonsure. Originally clerics were merely forbidden to let the hair grow long. The tonsure proper first appears in Christian monuments at the beginning of the fifth century. It was usual in Rome in the time of Gregory I. (d. 604) and was conferred there not only on clerics and monks but also on laymen who performed any sort of church service. The custom became general in the Frankish realm about the same time. The Fourth Synod of Toledo in 633, canon xii., attests it for Spain. Aldhelm (d. 709) and Ceolfrid (d. 716) are witnesses for England. For the East, cf. canon xxxiii. of the Trullan Synod of 692 (Mansi, Conci,lia, xi. 958-959).
There were three kinds of tonsure: (1) The Roman or coronal tonsure, that described above, which leaves a circle of hair around the head. Since Peter, according to legend, wore this tonsure, it is called also St. Peter's crown or tonsure. This was the prevalent form in Italy, the Frankish kingdom, England, and Spain. During the Middle Ages the size of the shorn spot tended to become smaller, not without opposition, which led to attempts to regu late the matter. Gradually it became customary for the size of the spot to increase by regular grades with the rank of the wearer from subdeacon to bishop. (2) The Iro-Scottish or British tonsure, called also tonsure of St. John or of St. James by its opponents, who regarded it as heretical (the tonsure of Simon Magus), differed from the Roman tonsure in that the ring of hair about the head was broken, the shaven spot being continued forward to the forehead. It was general in the old British Church until the seventh century and later, and was introduced here and there on the continent by British missionaries (see CELTIC CHURCH IN BRITAIN AND IRELAND). (3) The Greek tonsure or St. Paul's tonsure (cf. Acts xxi. 24, 26) consisted originally in shaving the entire front of the head. The Greek Church, in which entrance into clerical rank is sig nified by the tonsure, has now modified the custom into cutting the hair short over the whole head. The earliest mention of St. Paul's tonsure as dis tinguished from St. Peter's is in Bede (Hist. ecd., IV., i.), who remarks of Theodore, archbishop of Canterbury, that he " wore the oriental or St. Paul's tonsure." (A. HAUCK.)B113LIOGRAPHY: Gingham, Origines, VL, iv. 16-17, VIL, iii. 6; G. Chamillard. De corona, Eonaura, Paris, 1659; L. Thomassin, Vetus et nova ecclesiee diseiPlina, L, ii. 34, Paris, 1728; E. Martene, De antiques eeclesia, rdtibus, ii. 14. Bassani, 1788; P. Hinschius, Kirchenrecht, i. 104 sqq., Berlin, 1869; E. LSning, Geschichte des deutscuen Kirchenrechts, ii. 275 aqq., Strasburg, 1878; N. Milaseh, Kirchenrecht der morgenlandischen Kirche, p. 270, 2d ed., Master, 1905; DCA, ii. 1989-1990.
TOORENENBERGEN, tu'ren-en-bare"en, JOHAN JUSTUS VAN: Dutch Reformed; b. at Utrecht Feb. 12, 1822; d. Dec. 12, 1903. He was educated at the university of his native city; was pastor at Elspeet (1844-48); and Flushing (1848-64); director of the missionary society at Utrecht (18641869) and gave instruction in dogmatics and other
I subjects; pastor at Rotterdam (I869-RO); and pro-
