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483 RELIGIOUS ENCYCLOPEDIA Toledo Tolatoy BIBLIOGRAPHY: Besides the prefaces prefixed to various editions of Tolet's writings, consult: C. Vercellone, Vari2 Lectiones Vulgatce Latino; biblioram, vol. i., prolegomena, Rome, 1880; Der Katholik, i (1884), 408 aqq.; F. Ksulen, Geschichte der Vulgates, Mainz, 1888; A. and A. De Backer, BibliotUque de la compagnie de Jhaus, viii. 84 sqq., Paris, 1898; KL, xi. 1870-72. TOLLIN, HENRI GUILLAUME NATHANAEL: German Reformed pastor and church historian; b. in Berlin, where his father was pastor of a French colony, May 5, 1833; d. in Magdeburg May 11, 1902. He studied at the universities of Berlin and Bonn, and then taught in the French gymnasium in Berlin where he had received his early education. In 1862 he became pastor of the French congregation at Frankfort-on-the-Oder. Thence after several years he was transferred to a peasant congregation at Schulzendorf (circuit of Ruppin), a post little suited to his scholarly tastes and attainments. After a stormy pastorate of five years, in 1876 he went to the French Church in Magdeburg. The congregation there was small but wealthy, so that the new pastor found time and liberal support for the historical studies to which he devoted himself. He became preeminently the historian of the Huguenot refugees in Germany and a specialist on the life and time of Michael Servetus. In his many publications relating to Servetus he sought to apportion praise and blame with fairness, but recognizing that blame belongs often to the age rather than to individuals. His views concerning the story of Servel;us are sum marized in a preface which he wrote for the drama, Servet, by his friend, Professor Hamann of Potsdam (ed. Tollin). With all his devotion to study and science he was a faithful pastor. During the war between Prussia and Austria in 1866 he served the wounded in the hospitals of Frankfort with self sacrificing faithfulness, undeterred by an epidemic of cholera which added to the horrors of war. He founded a society in Magdeburg for the education of poor children and was active in Sunday-school and home-mission work. He was first president and founder of the " German Huguenot Society " and wrote many of the articles in its yearly Geschichts blktter. Other noteworthy publications were: Biographische Beitrage zur Geschichte der Toleranz (Frankfort, 1866); Geschichte der franzosichen. Kolonie in Frankfurt-anrder-Oder (1868); H. W. Beecher's geistliche Reden nebst Biographic (Berlin, 1870); Dr. Martin.LutherundServet(1875); Philipp Melauchthon and Servet (1876); Charakterbild Michael Servet's (1876); Die Entdeekung des Blut kreislaufs durch Michael ,Servet (1876), for which the author received the degree of doctor of medicine from Bern; Das Lehrsystem Michael Servets (3 vols., Giitersloh, 1876-78); , Servet and Martin Butzer (Berlin, 1880); Geschichte der franz6sischen Kolonie von Magdeburg (vols. i. ii., Halls, 1886-87; vol. iii., part 2, Halls, 1889; vol. iii., parts 1, 3, Magdeburg, 1892-94). (F. H. BRANDE$.) BIBLIOGRAPHY: ' Dr. Brandes gives an account of the life of Tollin, based on original and autographic sources, in GeschichtsbZatter des deutschen Sugenotten-Vereiru, vol. ii., Magdeburg, 1902. TOLSTOY, tel-stei', COUNT LEO: Novelist, dramatist, essayist, and religious reformer; b. on his mother's estate, Yfi.snaya Polyg,na, near T$la
(130 m. s. of Moscow), Aug. 28 (O. S.; Sept. 9. N. S.), 1828; d. at AstApova, Russia, Nov. 20, 1910. He studied at Kazan University, but left without taking
a degree. In 1851 he entered the army Early Life; in the Caucasus, became a lieutenant; Religious in 1853-54 he served in Turkey and Views. then in the Crimea. His " Sevastopol
Sketches," written at the time, may be considered precursors of all that he subsequently wrote against war. After the end of hostilities he retired from the army. In 1861-62 he devoted himself to work in peasant schools which he established at and near Y6,snaya PolyAna. In 1862 he married Sophia Behrs, and during the next fifteen years managed his estates and wrote his great novels " War and Peace " (describing Napoleon's invasion of Russia) and " Anna, Kar6nina," a story of contemporary life. A great change in his activities occurred from 1880 onward. He carefully examined, and ended by totally rejecting, the claims of the Russo-Greek Church, and incidentally those of the Roman Catholic and Protestant churches also. For some years he devoted himself to an ardent study of the Gospels, rejecting the miraculous elements as well as all that seemed unreasonable or incomprehensible in them. From ovhat remained, he constructed a consecutive narrative, which his vivid insight into the great problems of life renders interesting and suggestive, though his rendering is not always justified by ,the text. His object was to rescue what he believed to be the real teaching of Christ, and to combat what he thought the Church's false interpretations-a process which he has compared to " depolarizing a magnetized watch."
Following this, he produced a series of works in which he elaborated his theory of non-resistance, inspired by abhorrence of physical violence, detestation of the legalized exploitation of the poor, and antipathy to the autocratic and bureaucratic government. The same theory is held in a fluid state by many Russian peasant sects, and.traces of
it can be found among the early ChrisTheory tiaras, the early Protestant Reformers
of Non- (especially Peter of Chelcio-see Bo-
Without defending the Tolstoyan theory of nonresistance, it may be pointed out how admirably it
