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much of which has been given during the last ten years, and there is also a special endowment for library and art purposes. The library contains about 18,000 volumes. The only printed history of the seminary is that contained in a history 'of Wittenberg College published in Springfield in 1887 by Rev. G. G. Clark. CHAftLEa G. HECZtERm.

9. Hartwick: This institution, which is the oldest Lutheran classical and theological school in America, is located near Cooperstown, Otsego Co., N. Y., where it was founded in 1797 by Rev. John Christopher Hartwick, for the purpose of educating the American Indians who at that time occupied a large portion of the state of New York, and to furnish missionaries to labor among those tribes. Funds were secured by Hartwick from the sale of some 16,000 acres of land which he had bought from the Indians in 1754. The first instructor in theology was Dr. John A. Kunze, and this department has been maintained uninterruptedly from 1797 to the present time. In 1815 the first seminary building on the present site was erected, and Dr. E. L. Hazelius was elected principal and professor of theology. Though Hartwick's Indian scheme proved a failure, his seminary has been a factor in Lutheran theological education for more than a century. For twenty-nine years it was the only school of its denomination in the United States, and in its early history it frequently had students from all parts of the country between Canada and South Carolina. It met a distinct need in American Lutheranism by furnishing English-speaking pastors for the Anglicized descendants of the Palatines who early settled in the Hudson, Schoharie, and Mohawk valleys, and the existence of the older English-speaking Lutheran congregations in New York State may be traced directly to Hartwick Seminary.

The institution is under the control of the General Synod of the Lutheran Church, and has always stood for the pietistic type of Lutheran theology, two of its most distinguished professors being of Moravian ancestry. Among its prominent instructors have been Drs. John C. Kunze, E. L. Hazelius, G. B. Miller, William D. Strohil, William N. Scholl, and James Pitcher. At present (1911) three professors give instruction in theology, and there are eight students who are candidates for the ministry. The faculty is composed of J. G. Traver (principal), Alfred Hiller (q.v.; theology), J. L. Kistler (Greek and mathematics), G. B. Hiller (natural sciences), and two assistant teachers. The school is governed by a board of twelve trustees elected (since 1911) by the Lutheran Synod of New York for the term of four years. The amount of endowment is $63,000, and the library contains 6,300 volumes.

ALFRED HILLER.

BIBLIOGRAPHY: Harlwick Seminary Memorial Catalogue, Cooperstown, N. Y., 1888, 1897; I3artwick Seminary

10. Lather: This institution, the " Practical Seminary " of the Lutheran Joint Synod of Ohio and Other States, was founded in 1884 under the direction of Rev. E. Bohme, who was also its first instructor. It originally formed part of what is now the 11 Theoretical Seminary " at Columbus, O.,

but in its very first year it was transferred to Afton) Mina., and from this year, in which the proseminary was also established, Dr. H. Ernst has been president. The growth of the institution created a necessity for more commodious quarters, and in 1$92 it was accordingly removed to its present location in St. Paul, Minn., where its further development has resulted in plans for additional buildings now being under consideration. The seminary has thus far sent out 200 graduates, who have formed the nucleus of several districts of the Joint Synod, particularly those of Minnesota, Wisconsin, KansasNebraska, and Canada. In 1910 the institution had five instructors and seventy students (all Lutherans) coming from fifteen states, as well as from Germany, Canada, Australia, Russia, and Austria-Hungary; and it is under the supervision of a board of seven trustees. The endowment is about $15,000, and the library contains some 2,000 volumes.

K. G. Buscx.

ll. fount Airy: This institution, officially entitled " The Theological Seminary of the Evangelical Lutheran Church at Philadelphia," is situated at Mount Airy, a suburb o£ Philadelphia, and was established in 1864. As early as 1749 Henry Melchior Miihlenberg had purchased ground for such au institution; but its foundation was delayed until 1864, when the Ministerium of Pennsylvania elected Rev. Drs. C. F. Schaeffer (q.v.), W. J. Malm.(q.v.), and Charles Porterfield Krauth (q.v.) full professors, and Rev. Drs. C. W. Schaeffer (q.v.), and Cr. F. Krotel (q.v.) associate professors, all being installed Oct. 4, 1864. In 1889 the seminary removed from the center of Philadelphia to its suburbs at Mt. Airy, north of Germantown, where, on a plot of five acres, an administration building, a large dormitory, a church, and five residences now stand, besides the Krauth Memorial Library, for whose erection and equipment a friend has contributed over $100,000. The Ministerium of New York, the Synod of New York and New England, and the Pittsburg Synod (all belonging to the General Council) have united with the Ministerium of Pennsylvania in its support and control. Previous to 1893 its property was held under the charter of the Ministerium of Pennsylvania, but since then it has been constituted a separate corporation. It is administered by a board of thirty-six members, and its professors, upon nomination by the directors, are elected by the Ministerium of Pennsylvania. The charter declares: " The seminary shall rest on the Divine Word of the Old and New Testament Scriptures, as the absolute Rule of Faith, and the confessions of the Evangelical Lutheran Church set forth in the Book of Concord, as in conformity with that Rule, and all its teachings shall be in accord with said Rule." The standard of educational preparation for admission is that of college graduation, exceptions being possible only by a unanimous vote of the faculty. The instruction is through the medium of the English language, supplemented by special courses in which German is used for those less familiar with English.

The faculty consists at present of Drs. H. E. Jacobs (q.v.; chairman, 1883), J. Fry (1897), G. F. Spieker (q.v.; 1894), Henry Offerman (1910), E. T.